International Trade in Services Survey and Other International Operations EVALUATION OF TRADE POLICY Results by period, type of transaction, geographical area and mode of provision. Units: percentage Mode 1: Cross-border supply Mode 2: Consumption in Spain (exports) or abroad (imports) Mode 3: Commercial presence Mode 4: Presence of natural persons EXPORTS WORLDWIDE 2022 85.6 9.4 0.2 4.8 2021 86.1 8.8 0.3 4.9 2020 86.3 8.5 0.2 5.0 2019 85.3 9.0 0.6 5.1 2018 86.7 6.9 2.2 4.1 2017 85.9 6.8 2.4 5.0 2016 85.6 6.8 2.2 5.3 2015 85.2 7.2 2.2 5.4 2014 86.6 6.3 2.5 4.6 1. EUROPE 2022 83.0 12.2 0.3 4.6 2021 84.2 11.0 0.3 4.6 2020 84.5 11.0 0.1 4.4 2019 83.4 11.7 0.3 4.6 2018 87.2 9.3 0.6 3.0 2017 86.2 9.5 0.7 3.6 2016 85.0 10.0 0.7 4.2 2015 84.7 10.2 0.6 4.5 2014 86.7 8.9 0.7 3.6 EU-27_2020 2022 85.9 8.4 0.2 5.5 2021 87.1 7.1 0.2 5.5 2020 87.8 6.9 0.2 5.1 2019 . . . . 2018 . . . . 2017 . . . . 2016 . . . . 2015 . . . . 2014 . . . . Euro zone 2022 86.4 7.7 0.2 5.7 2021 87.7 6.2 0.2 5.8 2020 88.3 6.3 0.2 5.3 2019 86.2 7.6 0.3 5.9 2018 90.1 6.0 0.7 3.2 2017 89.8 6.2 0.7 3.4 2016 88.9 6.5 0.7 3.9 2015 88.7 6.9 0.7 3.8 2014 90.7 5.6 0.7 3.0 Germany 2022 90.4 5.8 0.1 3.7 2021 89.7 6.1 0.1 4.1 2020 91.2 4.7 0.1 4.0 2019 90.3 5.0 0.2 4.5 2018 91.4 4.8 0.6 3.2 2017 92.0 4.5 0.8 2.7 2016 90.6 4.6 0.9 3.9 2015 89.9 5.5 0.9 3.7 2014 90.5 5.1 0.6 3.8 Belgium 2022 88.9 5.8 0.2 5.0 2021 92.3 5.0 0.4 2.2 2020 89.7 8.0 0.2 2.1 2019 90.0 7.2 0.3 2.4 2018 92.5 4.5 1.4 1.6 2017 91.5 5.7 0.7 2.1 2016 91.6 5.1 0.4 2.8 2015 89.2 6.0 0.8 4.0 2014 90.4 5.9 0.4 3.3 The Netherlands 2022 84.8 12.8 0.1 2.3 2021 86.4 8.8 0.1 4.8 2020 89.2 7.8 0.0 2.9 2019 89.8 8.3 0.0 1.9 2018 95.2 3.6 0.1 1.1 2017 95.1 3.1 0.1 1.7 2016 94.3 3.5 0.1 2.1 2015 93.6 5.0 0.1 1.3 2014 95.7 2.4 0.2 1.7 France 2022 84.9 4.5 0.2 10.3 2021 84.4 4.4 0.4 10.7 2020 84.7 5.0 0.2 10.1 2019 81.3 5.3 0.8 12.6 2018 93.3 2.1 1.0 3.6 2017 92.4 2.1 1.0 4.4 2016 92.4 2.3 1.2 4.2 2015 92.9 2.6 0.4 4.0 2014 93.5 2.4 0.3 3.7 Italy 2022 87.4 6.6 0.2 5.9 2021 89.6 6.7 0.1 3.6 2020 89.0 5.4 0.4 5.2 2019 91.2 5.6 0.3 2.9 2018 91.0 4.7 1.1 3.2 2017 90.9 4.2 1.2 3.7 2016 88.8 7.6 1.2 2.4 2015 87.2 8.1 1.8 2.9 2014 89.3 6.5 1.9 2.2 Portugal 2022 84.0 3.4 0.8 11.8 2021 86.6 3.0 0.6 9.7 2020 89.5 3.2 0.2 7.0 2019 87.7 3.6 0.2 8.5 2018 91.3 3.0 0.7 5.0 2017 93.4 2.6 0.6 3.4 2016 89.6 3.1 0.7 6.6 2015 85.6 3.7 0.6 10.1 2014 91.8 3.7 1.5 3.0 Rest of the Euro zone 2022 84.9 13.0 0.2 1.9 2021 88.7 8.6 0.1 2.6 2020 87.2 10.3 0.0 2.5 2019 80.2 17.0 0.3 2.6 2018 78.4 17.5 0.2 3.9 2017 74.9 20.7 0.2 4.1 2016 75.9 19.1 0.3 4.7 2015 79.1 18.5 0.4 2.0 2014 82.4 14.9 0.6 2.1 Rest of EU 28 2022 79.3 16.6 0.2 4.0 2021 80.2 17.4 0.2 2.2 2020 82.3 14.8 0.1 2.8 2019 83.8 12.7 0.2 3.4 2018 82.0 14.8 0.4 2.8 2017 76.0 13.3 0.4 10.3 2016 72.9 16.5 0.4 10.1 2015 69.6 15.8 0.6 14.0 2014 72.1 15.5 0.5 11.8 Rest of Europe minus UE-27_2020 2022 76.6 20.5 0.4 2.4 2021 77.0 20.3 0.3 2.3 2020 77.2 20.0 0.1 2.8 2019 . . . . 2018 . . . . 2017 . . . . 2016 . . . . 2015 . . . . 2014 . . . . The United Kingdom 2022 82.4 14.5 0.2 2.9 2021 82.5 14.8 0.4 2.4 2020 84.6 12.1 0.1 3.3 2019 84.9 12.4 0.2 2.5 2018 87.1 9.5 0.7 2.7 2017 84.0 12.1 1.3 2.6 2016 81.5 13.9 1.1 3.6 2015 84.4 11.7 0.7 3.2 2014 85.8 10.5 1.2 2.5 EU-28 2022 . . . . 2021 . . . . 2020 . . . . 2019 85.8 8.9 0.3 5.1 2018 89.0 7.3 0.7 3.1 2017 87.6 7.8 0.8 3.8 2016 86.2 8.7 0.8 4.4 2015 86.3 8.5 0.7 4.5 2014 88.2 7.4 0.7 3.7 Rest of Europe minus UE-28 2022 . . . . 2021 . . . . 2020 . . . . 2019 70.4 27.4 0.2 2.0 2018 77.7 19.7 0.4 2.3 2017 78.3 18.3 0.4 2.9 2016 79.1 16.7 0.5 3.7 2015 76.5 18.5 0.5 4.4 2014 80.1 16.1 0.6 3.2 2. AMERICA 2022 91.5 3.5 0.1 4.9 2021 90.3 3.8 0.3 5.6 2020 90.8 3.0 0.3 5.8 2019 88.4 3.7 1.4 6.4 2018 84.8 2.7 6.9 5.6 2017 85.2 2.0 6.6 6.3 2016 86.6 1.6 6.6 5.2 2015 86.2 1.9 6.2 5.7 2014 86.7 1.7 7.0 4.6 2.1. North America and Central America 2022 90.5 4.7 0.0 4.8 2021 89.9 5.1 0.3 4.7 2020 90.9 4.1 0.2 4.8 2019 87.4 5.2 1.4 6.0 2018 85.5 3.9 4.7 6.0 2017 87.8 2.6 4.2 5.3 2016 88.9 1.9 4.4 4.8 2015 88.5 2.7 4.8 4.0 2014 86.4 2.6 6.7 4.4 2.2. South America 2022 93.9 0.9 0.1 5.1 2021 91.2 0.9 0.3 7.6 2020 90.7 0.8 0.6 7.9 2019 90.4 1.0 1.5 7.2 2018 83.6 0.7 10.8 4.9 2017 80.7 0.9 10.5 7.9 2016 83.0 1.0 10.1 5.9 2015 82.9 0.7 8.3 8.1 2014 87.1 0.6 7.5 4.8 3. AFRICA 2022 79.7 9.5 0.9 9.9 2021 85.8 6.3 1.3 6.6 2020 82.7 5.0 0.6 11.7 2019 84.0 4.6 1.9 9.4 2018 82.6 3.7 2.2 11.5 2017 83.8 3.5 1.7 11.0 2016 81.3 3.6 1.9 13.1 2015 81.2 3.2 4.2 11.4 2014 78.5 2.8 6.6 12.1 4. ASIA 2022 89.6 6.0 0.0 4.3 2021 89.9 5.3 0.1 4.6 2020 89.9 4.6 0.4 5.1 2019 91.2 3.9 0.6 4.4 2018 89.4 2.7 1.8 6.1 2017 85.9 2.2 3.4 8.6 2016 88.1 1.7 1.7 8.5 2015 87.4 2.9 1.5 8.3 2014 89.5 2.2 0.9 7.5 5. OCEANIA 2022 88.7 8.9 0.0 2.4 2021 89.5 6.8 0.0 3.7 2020 85.4 8.0 0.1 6.5 2019 90.5 6.7 0.5 2.4 2018 93.2 2.4 2.3 2.2 2017 88.6 5.8 2.7 2.9 2016 89.5 3.2 2.4 4.8 2015 90.1 4.5 2.1 3.3 2014 90.0 4.7 2.4 2.9 IMPORTS WORLDWIDE 2022 94.0 2.5 0.4 3.2 2021 94.8 2.0 0.2 3.0 2020 94.1 2.1 0.0 3.8 2019 94.5 2.7 0.1 2.7 2018 94.8 2.8 0.2 2.2 2017 94.8 3.3 0.3 1.6 2016 94.9 3.0 0.1 2.0 2015 95.4 2.7 0.1 1.8 2014 95.6 2.0 0.2 2.2 1. EUROPE 2022 94.0 2.3 0.3 3.4 2021 94.6 2.1 0.2 3.1 2020 93.5 2.2 0.0 4.2 2019 94.3 2.8 0.0 2.9 2018 94.9 2.8 0.2 2.1 2017 94.8 3.4 0.3 1.5 2016 94.8 3.2 0.1 2.0 2015 95.3 3.0 0.0 1.7 2014 95.5 2.1 0.2 2.2 EU-27_2020 2022 94.2 2.6 0.1 3.0 2021 95.0 2.4 0.1 2.5 2020 94.7 2.3 0.0 2.9 2019 . . . . 2018 . . . . 2017 . . . . 2016 . . . . 2015 . . . . 2014 . . . . Euro zone 2022 94.0 2.7 0.1 3.1 2021 94.9 2.3 0.1 2.7 2020 94.4 2.4 0.0 3.1 2019 94.5 2.9 0.0 2.6 2018 95.7 2.3 0.1 1.9 2017 95.4 3.0 0.3 1.4 2016 95.3 2.8 0.1 1.8 2015 95.7 2.9 0.1 1.4 2014 96.2 2.1 0.2 1.6 Germany 2022 96.2 1.7 0.1 2.0 2021 97.2 1.5 0.0 1.3 2020 97.4 1.1 0.0 1.4 2019 97.0 1.4 0.0 1.6 2018 97.8 1.1 0.1 1.0 2017 97.6 1.4 0.1 0.9 2016 96.4 2.0 0.3 1.2 2015 97.7 1.1 0.1 1.2 2014 97.4 1.1 0.1 1.4 Belgium 2022 86.1 8.0 0.0 5.9 2021 84.8 7.6 0.0 7.5 2020 83.3 9.3 0.0 7.3 2019 84.5 8.5 0.0 7.1 2018 78.9 8.8 0.1 12.2 2017 88.5 9.2 0.0 2.3 2016 89.4 8.4 0.0 2.2 2015 90.7 6.3 0.0 2.9 2014 96.9 0.5 0.1 2.5 The Netherlands 2022 94.7 3.3 0.2 1.8 2021 94.4 3.1 0.1 2.3 2020 94.6 3.5 0.1 1.8 2019 95.0 2.4 0.0 2.5 2018 95.0 2.1 0.7 2.2 2017 93.8 4.0 0.0 2.2 2016 96.3 1.4 0.0 2.3 2015 94.9 2.4 0.1 2.6 2014 97.8 0.3 0.3 1.6 France 2022 94.2 2.3 0.0 3.4 2021 94.6 2.8 0.1 2.5 2020 93.0 2.8 0.0 4.2 2019 94.6 3.3 0.0 2.1 2018 96.5 2.5 0.0 1.0 2017 95.9 3.1 0.1 0.9 2016 95.2 3.5 0.0 1.3 2015 95.6 3.5 0.0 0.9 2014 95.0 3.4 0.1 1.4 Italy 2022 92.2 4.8 0.2 2.8 2021 90.9 4.8 0.4 3.9 2020 90.8 3.2 0.0 6.0 2019 91.0 5.0 0.0 4.0 2018 95.1 2.5 0.0 2.4 2017 93.8 2.8 0.1 3.3 2016 95.1 1.9 0.0 3.0 2015 94.0 4.1 0.0 1.9 2014 95.6 1.9 0.1 2.4 Portugal 2022 95.3 2.2 0.1 2.5 2021 94.9 2.2 0.1 2.8 2020 95.2 2.1 0.0 2.7 2019 95.6 1.8 0.4 2.1 2018 97.1 1.4 0.2 1.4 2017 95.1 1.7 2.4 0.8 2016 96.2 2.0 0.2 1.6 2015 94.5 3.8 0.3 1.3 2014 93.6 4.5 0.4 1.6 Rest of the Euro zone 2022 92.8 2.4 0.2 4.6 2021 96.1 0.6 0.1 3.1 2020 95.0 1.9 0.1 3.1 2019 94.0 2.8 0.0 3.2 2018 95.7 2.4 0.0 1.9 2017 95.4 3.1 0.0 1.4 2016 95.2 2.7 0.0 2.1 2015 97.0 2.0 0.0 0.9 2014 96.8 1.7 0.3 1.2 Rest of EU 28 2022 96.2 1.5 0.5 1.9 2021 95.5 2.6 0.5 1.5 2020 97.0 1.4 0.0 1.6 2019 96.2 2.7 0.0 1.0 2018 95.1 3.6 0.0 1.3 2017 94.7 4.4 0.0 0.8 2016 95.1 3.3 0.0 1.5 2015 93.6 5.0 0.0 1.4 2014 93.7 4.7 0.2 1.5 Rest of Europe minus UE-27_2020 2022 93.2 1.4 0.9 4.5 2021 93.5 1.3 0.5 4.8 2020 90.4 1.7 0.0 7.9 2019 . . . . 2018 . . . . 2017 . . . . 2016 . . . . 2015 . . . . 2014 . . . . The United Kingdom 2022 94.5 1.0 1.5 3.0 2021 95.1 0.9 0.7 3.2 2020 94.5 0.9 0.0 4.6 2019 94.3 2.0 0.0 3.6 2018 92.1 4.2 0.5 3.2 2017 92.6 4.8 0.1 2.6 2016 92.7 4.4 0.0 2.9 2015 93.2 3.5 0.0 3.2 2014 93.3 2.4 0.3 4.0 EU-28 2022 . . . . 2021 . . . . 2020 . . . . 2019 94.6 2.7 0.0 2.6 2018 95.0 2.7 0.2 2.1 2017 94.9 3.4 0.2 1.5 2016 94.8 3.2 0.1 2.0 2015 95.1 3.1 0.1 1.7 2014 95.6 2.3 0.2 1.9 Rest of Europe minus UE-28 2022 . . . . 2021 . . . . 2020 . . . . 2019 91.2 3.7 0.1 5.0 2018 94.2 3.8 0.1 2.0 2017 94.6 3.1 0.7 1.6 2016 94.6 3.0 0.0 2.4 2015 97.1 1.3 0.0 1.6 2014 95.2 0.6 0.0 4.2 2. AMERICA 2022 93.0 3.4 0.6 3.1 2021 95.3 1.7 0.3 2.8 2020 95.9 1.9 0.0 2.1 2019 95.5 2.3 0.4 1.8 2018 93.9 3.3 0.1 2.7 2017 94.9 3.2 0.2 1.7 2016 95.6 2.6 0.0 1.8 2015 95.7 2.3 0.0 2.0 2014 96.5 1.3 0.2 2.1 2.1. North America and Central America 2022 92.8 3.4 0.8 3.1 2021 95.6 1.3 0.4 2.7 2020 96.6 1.5 0.0 1.9 2019 96.1 1.9 0.5 1.5 2018 95.1 2.3 0.1 2.5 2017 96.1 2.2 0.3 1.5 2016 96.8 1.5 0.0 1.7 2015 96.8 1.3 0.0 2.0 2014 96.3 1.5 0.1 2.2 2.2. South America 2022 93.7 3.3 0.0 3.0 2021 94.2 2.8 0.0 3.0 2020 93.4 3.5 0.0 3.1 2019 92.7 4.3 0.1 2.9 2018 88.9 7.5 0.3 3.3 2017 90.0 7.2 0.0 2.7 2016 91.3 6.3 0.0 2.4 2015 92.3 5.5 0.0 2.2 2014 96.9 0.8 0.4 1.8 3. AFRICA 2022 86.5 7.4 1.3 4.7 2021 89.1 4.7 0.0 6.2 2020 88.5 2.6 0.0 8.9 2019 91.4 2.3 0.1 6.2 2018 93.4 2.5 0.1 4.0 2017 92.4 3.8 1.4 2.3 2016 95.4 2.5 0.0 2.1 2015 94.5 2.8 0.0 2.7 2014 90.0 4.7 0.9 4.4 4. ASIA 2022 96.9 1.1 0.1 1.9 2021 97.1 1.5 0.0 1.4 2020 96.0 1.7 0.0 2.3 2019 95.1 2.9 0.0 2.0 2018 95.3 2.5 0.1 2.1 2017 94.3 3.3 0.4 2.0 2016 94.8 2.7 0.2 2.3 2015 95.7 1.3 0.2 2.8 2014 95.9 1.4 0.4 2.4 5. OCEANIA 2022 98.4 0.2 0.0 1.4 2021 97.7 0.2 0.0 2.0 2020 97.7 0.5 0.0 1.7 2019 96.5 0.3 0.0 3.2 2018 98.1 0.5 0.0 1.4 2017 97.6 1.0 0.0 1.4 2016 98.0 1.3 0.0 0.7 2015 97.6 1.5 0.0 0.9 2014 98.3 0.3 0.0 1.4 Notes: .Data protected by statistical secrecy Source: National Institute of Statistics