International Trade in Services Survey and Other International Operations COEFFICIENTS OF VARIATION Variation coefficients by period, country and type of transaction Units: percentage EXPORTS IMPORTS WORLDWIDE 2022 1.92 1.55 2021 2.02 1.69 2020 2.42 1.64 2019 2.06 1.50 2018 2.07 1.41 2017 1.91 1.39 2016 2.21 1.32 2015 1.96 1.28 2014 2.20 1.30 EUROPE 2022 2.64 1.86 2021 2.66 1.78 2020 3.29 1.89 2019 2.91 1.90 2018 2.84 1.76 2017 2.81 1.73 2016 3.46 1.62 2015 2.95 1.61 2014 3.30 1.70 BELGIUM 2022 8.91 6.10 2021 10.17 8.21 2020 14.09 4.13 2019 8.56 24.70 2018 7.87 18.75 2017 5.90 8.48 2016 11.16 8.81 2015 9.07 8.67 2014 8.80 10.80 BULGARIA 2022 24.27 8.68 2021 17.25 12.61 2020 15.92 10.48 2019 13.73 20.47 2018 20.30 20.34 2017 76.85 22.34 2016 60.59 23.06 2015 75.43 12.00 2014 59.50 9.80 CZECH REPUBLIC 2022 6.67 11.85 2021 8.31 21.38 2020 12.51 18.26 2019 8.44 17.93 2018 7.94 9.86 2017 9.61 7.79 2016 9.34 4.50 2015 10.21 5.23 2014 9.30 4.10 DENMARK 2022 30.05 8.70 2021 33.65 9.90 2020 18.29 7.58 2019 22.37 15.50 2018 28.93 9.72 2017 29.28 10.75 2016 30.56 12.20 2015 22.34 14.30 2014 44.50 12.90 GERMANY 2022 4.53 2.96 2021 4.26 4.09 2020 6.24 11.76 2019 5.31 3.13 2018 4.64 3.12 2017 4.97 3.24 2016 6.91 3.21 2015 6.55 3.59 2014 7.10 3.20 ESTONIA 2022 17.94 15.07 2021 25.06 11.59 2020 18.44 3.50 2019 13.08 15.61 2018 17.15 10.13 2017 16.93 9.62 2016 18.85 16.52 2015 32.75 21.96 2014 25.70 6.60 GREECE 2022 10.55 12.90 2021 16.67 16.85 2020 19.79 14.43 2019 16.83 5.74 2018 14.33 10.07 2017 24.50 10.77 2016 23.23 13.40 2015 24.81 16.39 2014 10.10 2.20 FRANCE 2022 8.76 4.10 2021 10.21 3.52 2020 9.61 8.17 2019 8.91 3.55 2018 8.88 3.78 2017 8.26 3.64 2016 8.69 3.16 2015 9.47 3.47 2014 9.60 2.70 CROATIA 2022 12.30 25.64 2021 17.79 38.21 2020 13.04 27.90 2019 15.51 16.01 2018 14.13 25.26 2017 43.42 16.75 2016 44.40 11.09 2015 54.40 9.66 2014 17.60 3.20 IRELAND 2022 8.36 7.11 2021 8.24 8.62 2020 28.94 4.13 2019 9.51 5.75 2018 2.55 6.40 2017 3.97 6.39 2016 5.28 6.11 2015 2.90 4.43 2014 3.80 5.20 ITALY 2022 6.18 6.78 2021 7.16 8.45 2020 8.47 7.09 2019 7.84 5.65 2018 6.80 6.03 2017 7.26 6.17 2016 8.86 5.59 2015 10.31 5.32 2014 7.10 8.70 CYPRUS 2022 8.23 7.94 2021 13.26 10.31 2020 15.34 6.38 2019 16.98 8.58 2018 21.06 9.08 2017 30.97 6.97 2016 7.61 3.24 2015 20.68 6.05 2014 12.90 1.50 LATVIA 2022 24.62 17.53 2021 22.18 19.61 2020 26.15 14.87 2019 16.42 23.11 2018 19.55 31.92 2017 24.14 18.15 2016 20.07 5.61 2015 10.72 21.28 2014 35.00 41.20 LITHUANIA 2022 13.84 16.86 2021 19.79 15.27 2020 27.82 25.75 2019 31.24 10.33 2018 31.76 11.04 2017 23.38 7.73 2016 37.13 9.31 2015 15.60 4.08 2014 7.40 3.50 LUXEMBOURG 2022 4.11 11.28 2021 4.06 8.75 2020 7.99 15.85 2019 6.09 9.37 2018 5.55 7.57 2017 5.05 16.13 2016 2.92 10.07 2015 7.34 12.77 2014 8.70 14.20 HUNGRY 2022 8.33 20.48 2021 13.34 7.26 2020 15.51 10.49 2019 10.17 8.29 2018 14.55 8.02 2017 8.10 6.12 2016 11.84 8.31 2015 7.97 6.28 2014 3.20 3.10 MALTA 2022 7.35 27.99 2021 6.94 11.66 2020 7.33 15.28 2019 8.98 6.22 2018 19.62 3.71 2017 13.60 3.15 2016 18.90 2.53 2015 2.45 1.27 2014 21.50 0.40 THE NETHERLANDS 2022 6.26 5.30 2021 6.48 4.05 2020 9.14 12.43 2019 8.47 3.46 2018 10.26 3.03 2017 9.85 4.28 2016 7.99 3.80 2015 5.97 2.74 2014 5.40 2.70 AUSTRIA 2022 4.51 13.00 2021 7.43 9.50 2020 8.91 8.15 2019 29.79 8.27 2018 27.92 8.16 2017 14.31 14.79 2016 16.26 12.60 2015 7.31 12.83 2014 4.70 10.70 POLAND 2022 7.39 5.80 2021 8.78 4.77 2020 10.13 10.69 2019 12.04 30.11 2018 10.70 30.80 2017 13.58 31.04 2016 12.14 26.10 2015 10.75 22.23 2014 12.40 15.50 PORTUGAL 2022 8.82 6.35 2021 10.71 7.37 2020 9.27 23.13 2019 8.75 6.28 2018 8.06 6.11 2017 10.88 5.80 2016 9.08 5.63 2015 10.28 6.46 2014 10.50 7.70 ROMANIA 2022 16.72 9.27 2021 15.38 8.50 2020 12.66 6.31 2019 14.35 4.89 2018 9.68 4.57 2017 24.12 3.80 2016 12.33 5.82 2015 13.05 3.96 2014 12.70 3.10 SLOVENIA 2022 13.50 17.09 2021 10.07 10.77 2020 10.69 6.09 2019 10.82 14.07 2018 18.10 14.22 2017 8.90 12.80 2016 8.84 9.27 2015 14.42 10.07 2014 5.90 13.80 SLOVAKIA 2022 25.52 10.65 2021 25.71 17.30 2020 14.57 7.82 2019 16.95 27.08 2018 11.59 15.42 2017 8.47 9.23 2016 12.22 8.13 2015 11.30 5.86 2014 11.20 2.90 FINLAND 2022 19.98 14.24 2021 19.79 13.29 2020 21.36 34.00 2019 19.37 7.52 2018 16.61 5.86 2017 19.53 10.04 2016 17.88 10.54 2015 9.26 17.05 2014 7.60 8.40 SWEDEN 2022 15.50 6.47 2021 15.99 5.83 2020 25.00 7.16 2019 17.91 11.97 2018 16.54 12.82 2017 19.84 11.05 2016 15.29 14.54 2015 16.46 13.78 2014 12.80 10.10 ICELAND 2022 6.73 51.92 2021 6.98 53.12 2020 8.67 55.85 2019 7.68 62.58 2018 5.05 47.29 2017 7.71 50.30 2016 5.06 54.27 2015 4.71 52.47 2014 4.80 40.50 LIECHTENSTEIN 2022 2.20 1.50 2021 1.54 4.08 2020 0.32 0.57 2019 2.18 0.43 2018 10.20 0.24 2017 14.70 0.89 2016 12.87 31.53 2015 9.25 4.94 2014 4.40 1.40 NORWAY 2022 11.80 8.09 2021 13.17 8.32 2020 13.14 6.27 2019 11.68 9.38 2018 11.41 6.77 2017 12.34 9.89 2016 11.64 7.42 2015 7.88 4.34 2014 9.60 11.20 SWITZERLAND 2022 10.60 11.27 2021 10.31 8.40 2020 13.23 11.82 2019 13.06 10.72 2018 7.97 11.00 2017 8.45 11.63 2016 20.60 13.31 2015 14.63 11.87 2014 17.40 12.70 OTHER EUROPEAN COUNTRIES MINUS EU-28 AND EFTA 2022 . . 2021 . . 2020 . . 2019 5.20 8.87 2018 6.33 10.58 2017 4.13 8.81 2016 6.61 10.02 2015 3.92 9.64 2014 5.50 13.40 OTHER EUROPEAN COUNTRIES MINUS EU-27_2020 AND EFTA 2022 7.16 3.96 2021 7.07 3.58 2020 7.74 3.46 2019 . . 2018 . . 2017 . . 2016 . . 2015 . . 2014 . . RUSSIA 2022 9.73 12.62 2021 5.76 16.93 2020 15.62 16.84 2019 11.54 12.82 2018 12.23 5.64 2017 6.91 3.92 2016 19.23 9.13 2015 3.23 2.36 2014 7.00 29.20 TURKEY 2022 7.71 12.96 2021 8.21 16.43 2020 9.40 16.79 2019 7.04 16.76 2018 10.97 20.32 2017 6.62 14.56 2016 7.24 20.44 2015 7.07 20.32 2014 8.40 25.50 THE UNITED KINGDOM 2022 8.13 4.30 2021 8.09 3.75 2020 8.86 3.69 2019 8.97 4.69 2018 5.75 3.77 2017 5.50 3.17 2016 4.25 3.47 2015 4.63 2.36 2014 5.10 2.90 AFRICA 2022 7.67 9.18 2021 8.06 8.33 2020 6.14 6.52 2019 5.85 3.89 2018 4.46 4.59 2017 4.18 4.80 2016 3.73 2.76 2015 5.36 4.69 2014 2.90 5.80 NORTH AFRICA 2022 7.98 12.69 2021 9.03 11.51 2020 9.26 9.76 2019 5.87 5.43 2018 4.24 5.31 2017 4.67 5.72 2016 5.07 3.41 2015 9.10 4.30 2014 4.90 9.90 EGYPT 2022 6.40 21.93 2021 6.62 16.58 2020 8.10 16.14 2019 6.38 10.16 2018 8.13 9.62 2017 8.12 27.61 2016 7.33 1.24 2015 5.37 9.90 2014 5.70 2.30 MOROCCO 2022 13.15 18.14 2021 13.35 17.11 2020 12.27 14.62 2019 9.44 12.66 2018 7.72 11.93 2017 7.97 10.34 2016 4.82 9.05 2015 6.00 7.63 2014 6.60 16.90 OTHER AFRICAN COUNTRIES 2022 12.77 12.83 2021 11.81 11.57 2020 7.54 8.19 2019 11.01 4.79 2018 8.83 8.08 2017 7.68 6.66 2016 5.43 4.68 2015 3.26 9.69 2014 2.80 4.30 NIGERIA 2022 14.75 7.32 2021 27.74 5.91 2020 35.06 2.34 2019 22.50 0.96 2018 19.70 1.26 2017 14.52 1.58 2016 5.97 1.15 2015 6.29 1.25 2014 8.40 0.50 SOUTH AFRICA 2022 6.88 10.41 2021 8.97 12.39 2020 10.16 6.23 2019 9.79 7.67 2018 20.79 8.50 2017 7.33 10.93 2016 10.95 11.25 2015 9.50 6.87 2014 5.90 8.00 AMERICA 2022 2.93 2.11 2021 2.99 2.25 2020 3.34 2.73 2019 2.84 1.92 2018 3.62 1.98 2017 2.58 1.65 2016 2.05 2.47 2015 2.10 2.44 2014 2.40 1.60 NORTH AMERICA 2022 5.18 3.33 2021 5.07 3.06 2020 6.35 4.86 2019 3.76 2.86 2018 6.62 2.26 2017 4.03 1.99 2016 3.09 2.89 2015 3.20 2.02 2014 2.90 1.70 CANADA 2022 6.43 20.19 2021 6.70 15.85 2020 6.40 16.45 2019 17.40 5.83 2018 22.39 8.96 2017 19.75 14.73 2016 19.05 22.30 2015 4.57 6.51 2014 8.10 12.70 THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 2022 5.36 3.34 2021 5.32 3.07 2020 6.62 5.02 2019 3.86 2.92 2018 6.90 2.34 2017 3.99 1.93 2016 3.07 2.81 2015 3.40 2.06 2014 3.00 1.70 CENTRAL AMERICA 2022 4.19 2.12 2021 5.18 5.21 2020 4.28 1.90 2019 6.33 2.96 2018 9.00 6.42 2017 5.07 2.42 2016 4.50 2.48 2015 4.14 2.70 2014 9.30 6.60 MEXICO 2022 5.39 3.11 2021 4.42 8.12 2020 6.41 4.44 2019 8.82 8.10 2018 8.91 10.92 2017 7.13 6.23 2016 4.81 6.93 2015 5.10 6.85 2014 6.30 2.50 SOUTH AMERICA 2022 3.27 1.82 2021 3.71 2.80 2020 3.60 2.30 2019 3.11 1.93 2018 3.29 2.31 2017 4.16 3.21 2016 3.19 6.93 2015 3.29 8.57 2014 2.20 1.60 ARGENTINA 2022 4.16 6.85 2021 5.34 7.30 2020 9.07 5.40 2019 3.47 7.75 2018 4.52 7.35 2017 7.78 2.82 2016 2.02 9.89 2015 1.45 3.36 2014 7.20 3.20 BRAZIL 2022 4.51 2.47 2021 3.96 3.11 2020 4.36 1.21 2019 2.80 1.75 2018 3.84 3.52 2017 3.54 2.55 2016 7.15 22.79 2015 5.09 28.54 2014 4.10 1.50 CHILE 2022 4.13 3.36 2021 4.74 6.96 2020 6.30 3.67 2019 6.96 2.92 2018 4.22 4.37 2017 8.25 6.51 2016 4.85 6.35 2015 6.65 5.37 2014 2.00 2.90 URUGUAY 2022 11.04 3.27 2021 12.86 6.54 2020 6.01 3.20 2019 9.41 2.80 2018 6.48 1.77 2017 13.17 32.86 2016 4.92 2.28 2015 8.91 4.93 2014 9.90 3.20 VENEZUELA 2022 3.07 4.53 2021 42.59 8.22 2020 6.81 22.24 2019 19.05 11.40 2018 9.67 24.99 2017 21.29 3.88 2016 17.12 5.85 2015 12.14 11.53 2014 4.40 4.90 ASIA 2022 6.25 5.86 2021 7.03 7.81 2020 7.70 7.60 2019 5.42 4.06 2018 4.81 3.51 2017 3.41 5.25 2016 2.09 3.72 2015 3.23 3.31 2014 2.60 3.90 NEAR EAST AND MIDDLE EAST 2022 12.58 12.28 2021 13.58 12.12 2020 7.24 7.84 2019 6.35 7.01 2018 5.02 4.87 2017 4.66 7.35 2016 2.19 3.34 2015 3.60 6.15 2014 3.50 4.80 PERSIAN GULF 2022 15.95 12.44 2021 15.16 15.04 2020 8.24 7.17 2019 . . 2018 5.82 4.87 2017 5.33 8.11 2016 2.35 4.06 2015 3.89 7.78 2014 3.80 6.10 OTHER COUNTRIES OF NEAR EAST AND MIDDLE EAST 2022 24.43 18.01 2021 10.92 20.90 2020 27.39 18.18 2019 19.45 16.74 2018 16.07 18.33 2017 10.06 20.54 2016 10.75 4.14 2015 4.92 1.99 2014 11.80 2.70 ISRAEL 2022 9.97 28.42 2021 9.81 23.39 2020 11.79 15.29 2019 8.51 13.46 2018 9.54 11.31 2017 11.06 16.80 2016 6.62 5.19 2015 8.80 8.99 2014 3.70 3.30 OTHER ASIAN COUNTRIES 2022 5.01 6.51 2021 5.64 9.17 2020 10.53 9.53 2019 7.60 4.80 2018 7.00 4.30 2017 4.76 6.17 2016 3.79 4.67 2015 5.52 3.82 2014 3.50 4.60 CHINA 2022 12.56 10.55 2021 8.99 11.82 2020 16.24 23.16 2019 4.80 7.41 2018 10.73 9.23 2017 8.88 8.69 2016 8.16 9.71 2015 21.91 9.63 2014 8.00 10.70 HONG KONG 2022 14.17 17.94 2021 22.70 32.33 2020 24.77 19.72 2019 40.84 17.15 2018 23.75 16.25 2017 17.29 21.74 2016 18.19 19.16 2015 12.82 14.06 2014 10.10 16.90 INDIA 2022 22.17 27.27 2021 11.70 37.17 2020 18.66 9.31 2019 13.42 6.29 2018 9.22 5.43 2017 5.55 8.16 2016 4.92 8.59 2015 11.49 7.64 2014 11.90 9.20 INDONESIA 2022 6.83 15.04 2021 9.28 15.58 2020 6.66 8.43 2019 2.52 18.50 2018 2.12 10.67 2017 2.88 13.74 2016 8.37 3.33 2015 2.07 4.48 2014 10.10 12.10 JAPAN 2022 7.56 5.33 2021 12.03 8.52 2020 15.25 15.60 2019 7.62 19.62 2018 6.34 6.44 2017 9.37 5.86 2016 8.67 6.08 2015 10.55 4.01 2014 13.70 2.70 SOUTH KOREA 2022 9.81 12.52 2021 15.16 9.60 2020 19.14 13.18 2019 8.43 8.35 2018 5.64 8.65 2017 7.45 48.59 2016 2.43 2.27 2015 5.76 2.22 2014 2.20 3.80 MALAYSIA 2022 3.99 16.43 2021 9.29 16.77 2020 14.03 19.78 2019 4.19 20.05 2018 2.05 7.01 2017 2.89 11.99 2016 7.46 10.09 2015 17.37 7.57 2014 16.10 6.10 THE PHILIPPINES 2022 3.74 12.26 2021 15.12 9.95 2020 16.38 5.62 2019 7.65 5.24 2018 6.86 5.22 2017 5.62 6.48 2016 6.12 2.58 2015 1.91 1.58 2014 3.80 1.30 SINGAPORE 2022 11.55 12.26 2021 7.78 17.45 2020 11.12 4.64 2019 8.46 7.55 2018 6.32 6.45 2017 9.76 4.71 2016 10.57 6.29 2015 11.23 3.39 2014 3.60 2.20 TAIWAN 2022 9.35 21.35 2021 24.61 57.96 2020 26.29 23.54 2019 8.95 13.61 2018 5.34 18.95 2017 6.85 13.75 2016 8.73 11.82 2015 8.38 8.46 2014 10.90 8.80 THAILAND 2022 5.27 32.87 2021 11.93 22.21 2020 21.83 15.24 2019 5.53 6.35 2018 2.58 5.67 2017 5.78 14.95 2016 2.29 11.12 2015 3.62 17.13 2014 8.80 6.80 OCEANIA AND POLAR REGIONS 2022 7.39 7.06 2021 7.76 12.80 2020 7.41 7.45 2019 5.30 5.71 2018 5.33 5.53 2017 5.20 3.44 2016 6.24 7.50 2015 37.01 3.26 2014 8.00 2.60 AUSTRALIA 2022 5.43 12.36 2021 7.29 20.11 2020 8.90 10.10 2019 5.12 8.90 2018 4.59 6.85 2017 4.87 5.46 2016 7.46 12.80 2015 4.37 8.99 2014 9.50 5.50 NEW ZEALAND 2022 24.00 30.47 2021 29.40 8.19 2020 23.92 6.23 2019 16.13 8.28 2018 24.72 10.78 2017 18.91 4.45 2016 4.47 20.30 2015 15.85 5.71 2014 7.20 7.00 EUROPEAN UNION 28 2022 . . 2021 . . 2020 . . 2019 2.94 1.91 2018 2.57 1.73 2017 2.61 1.65 2016 2.66 1.49 2015 2.83 1.45 2014 2.90 1.50 EXTRA EUROPEAN UNION 28 2022 . . 2021 . . 2020 . . 2019 2.89 2.19 2018 3.32 2.33 2017 2.78 2.44 2016 3.56 2.50 2015 2.72 2.37 2014 3.40 2.40 EUROPEAN UNION 27_2020 2022 2.75 1.86 2021 2.89 1.99 2020 3.70 2.05 2019 . . 2018 . . 2017 . . 2016 . . 2015 . . 2014 . . EXTRA EUROPEAN UNION 27_2020 2022 2.69 2.46 2021 2.80 2.54 2020 3.24 2.57 2019 . . 2018 . . 2017 . . 2016 . . 2015 . . 2014 . . EURO ZONE 2022 2.87 1.98 2021 3.01 2.14 2020 3.85 2.10 2019 3.09 2.03 2018 2.99 1.94 2017 3.03 1.86 2016 3.18 1.68 2015 3.25 1.72 2014 3.20 1.70 EXTRA EURO ZONE 2022 2.59 2.27 2021 2.70 2.35 2020 3.13 2.45 2019 2.76 2.13 2018 2.82 2.00 2017 2.47 2.00 2016 2.98 2.01 2015 2.47 1.84 2014 3.00 1.90 INSTITUTIONS OF THE EU (except ECB) 2022 39.00 52.50 2021 7.95 17.41 2020 . . 2019 0.85 . 2018 0.88 . 2017 39.32 0.51 2016 34.79 0.00 2015 30.77 14.60 2014 21.70 18.60 ECB 2022 84.44 13.94 2021 . . 2020 . . 2019 . . 2018 . . 2017 .. .. 2016 3.05 .. 2015 .. .. 2014 .. .. OFFSHORE CENTERS 2022 11.04 9.70 2021 9.87 8.55 2020 12.45 8.19 2019 8.47 5.12 2018 8.56 6.84 2017 8.59 4.15 2016 9.80 3.50 2015 45.32 1.06 2014 10.80 0.30 Notes: .Data protected by statistical secrecy 1) With the entry into force of Brexit, the EU-27 aggregate replaces the EU-28 , subtracting the figures for the United Kingdom from the EU. 2) EFTA (European Free Trade Association) includes Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway and Switzerland. Source: National Institute of Statistics