Gross domestic product Period Total GDP (market prices)(1) 1998(2) 82,000 GDP (market prices)(1) 1997 77,897 GDP (market prices)(1) 1996 73,572 GDP (market prices)(1) 1995 69,761 GDP (market prices)(1) 1994 64,789 GDP (market prices)(1) 1993 60,953 GDP (market prices)(1) 1992 59,105 GDP (market prices)(1) 1991 54,927 GDP (market prices)(1) 1990 50,145 GDP (market prices)(1) 1989 45,044 GDP (market prices)(1) 1988 40,159 GDP (market prices)(1) 1987 36,144 GDP (market prices)(1) 1986 32,324 GDP (market prices)(1) 1985 28,201 GDP (market prices)(1) 1984 25,520 GDP (market prices)(1) 1983 22,532 GDP (market prices)(1) 1982 19,723 GDP (market prices)(1) 1981 17,045 GDP (market prices)(1) 1980 15,168 R+D expenditure/GDPx100: Total 1998(2) 0.89 R+D expenditure/GDPx100: Total 1997 0.86 R+D expenditure/GDPx100: Total 1996 0.87 R+D expenditure/GDPx100: Total 1995 0.85 R+D expenditure/GDPx100: Total 1994 0.85 R+D expenditure/GDPx100: Total 1993 0.91 R+D expenditure/GDPx100: Total 1992 0.91 R+D expenditure/GDPx100: Total 1991 0.87 R+D expenditure/GDPx100: Total 1990 0.85 R+D expenditure/GDPx100: Total 1989 0.75 R+D expenditure/GDPx100: Total 1988 0.72 R+D expenditure/GDPx100: Total 1987 0.64 R+D expenditure/GDPx100: Total 1986 0.61 R+D expenditure/GDPx100: Total 1985 0.55 R+D expenditure/GDPx100: Total 1984 0.50 R+D expenditure/GDPx100: Total 1983 0.48 R+D expenditure/GDPx100: Total 1982 0.49 R+D expenditure/GDPx100: Total 1981 0.43 R+D expenditure/GDPx100: Total 1980 0.43 R+D expenditure/GDPx100: Public Administration 1998(2) 0.15 R+D expenditure/GDPx100: Public Administration 1997 0.15 R+D expenditure/GDPx100: Public Administration 1996 0.16 R+D expenditure/GDPx100: Public Administration 1995 0.16 R+D expenditure/GDPx100: Public Administration 1994 0.17 R+D expenditure/GDPx100: Public Administration 1993 0.18 R+D expenditure/GDPx100: Public Administration 1992 0.18 R+D expenditure/GDPx100: Public Administration 1991 0.19 R+D expenditure/GDPx100: Public Administration 1990 0.18 R+D expenditure/GDPx100: Public Administration 1989 0.17 R+D expenditure/GDPx100: Public Administration 1988 0.17 R+D expenditure/GDPx100: Public Administration 1987 0.16 R+D expenditure/GDPx100: Public Administration 1986 0.15 R+D expenditure/GDPx100: Public Administration 1985 0.13 R+D expenditure/GDPx100: Public Administration 1984 0.13 R+D expenditure/GDPx100: Public Administration 1983 0.14 R+D expenditure/GDPx100: Public Administration 1982 0.14 R+D expenditure/GDPx100: Public Administration 1981 0.14 R+D expenditure/GDPx100: Public Administration 1980 0.13 R+D expenditure/GDPx100: Higher education 1998(2) 0.29 R+D expenditure/GDPx100: Higher education 1997 0.28 R+D expenditure/GDPx100: Higher education 1996 0.28 R+D expenditure/GDPx100: Higher education 1995 0.27 R+D expenditure/GDPx100: Higher education 1994 0.27 R+D expenditure/GDPx100: Higher education 1993 0.28 R+D expenditure/GDPx100: Higher education 1992 0.26 R+D expenditure/GDPx100: Higher education 1991 0.19 R+D expenditure/GDPx100: Higher education 1990 0.17 R+D expenditure/GDPx100: Higher education 1989 0.15 R+D expenditure/GDPx100: Higher education 1988 0.14 R+D expenditure/GDPx100: Higher education 1987 0.12 R+D expenditure/GDPx100: Higher education 1986 0.12 R+D expenditure/GDPx100: Higher education 1985 0.11 R+D expenditure/GDPx100: Higher education 1984 0.11 R+D expenditure/GDPx100: Higher education 1983 0.11 R+D expenditure/GDPx100: Higher education 1982 0.11 R+D expenditure/GDPx100: Higher education 1981 0.10 R+D expenditure/GDPx100: Higher education 1980 0.09 R+D expenditure/GDPx100: Companies 1998(2) 0.44 R+D expenditure/GDPx100: Companies 1997 0.42 R+D expenditure/GDPx100: Companies 1996 0.42 R+D expenditure/GDPx100: Companies 1995 0.41 R+D expenditure/GDPx100: Companies 1994 0.40 R+D expenditure/GDPx100: Companies 1993 0.44 R+D expenditure/GDPx100: Companies 1992 0.46 R+D expenditure/GDPx100: Companies 1991 0.49 R+D expenditure/GDPx100: Companies 1990 0.49 R+D expenditure/GDPx100: Companies 1989 0.43 R+D expenditure/GDPx100: Companies 1988 0.41 R+D expenditure/GDPx100: Companies 1987 0.35 R+D expenditure/GDPx100: Companies 1986 0.34 R+D expenditure/GDPx100: Companies 1985 0.31 R+D expenditure/GDPx100: Companies 1984 0.26 R+D expenditure/GDPx100: Companies 1983 0.23 R+D expenditure/GDPx100: Companies 1982 0.24 R+D expenditure/GDPx100: Companies 1981 0.19 R+D expenditure/GDPx100: Companies 1980 0.21 R+D expenditure/GDPx100: PNPI 1998(2) 0.01 R+D expenditure/GDPx100: PNPI 1997 0.01 R+D expenditure/GDPx100: PNPI 1996 0.01 R+D expenditure/GDPx100: PNPI 1995 0.01 R+D expenditure/GDPx100: PNPI 1994 0.01 R+D expenditure/GDPx100: PNPI 1993 0.01 R+D expenditure/GDPx100: PNPI 1992 0.01 R+D expenditure/GDPx100: PNPI 1991 0.00 R+D expenditure/GDPx100: PNPI 1990 0.01 R+D expenditure/GDPx100: PNPI 1989 0.00 R+D expenditure/GDPx100: PNPI 1988 0.00 R+D expenditure/GDPx100: PNPI 1987 0.01 R+D expenditure/GDPx100: PNPI 1986 0.00 R+D expenditure/GDPx100: PNPI 1985 .. R+D expenditure/GDPx100: PNPI 1984 .. R+D expenditure/GDPx100: PNPI 1983 .. R+D expenditure/GDPx100: PNPI 1982 .. R+D expenditure/GDPx100: PNPI 1981 .. R+D expenditure/GDPx100: PNPI 1980 ..