Scientific discipline Period Total Total 2000 5,718,988 Total 1999 4,995,360 Total 1998 4,715,018 Total 1997 4,038,904 Total 1996 3,852,632 Total 1995 3,550,106 Total 1994 3,294,472 Total 1993 3,350,060 Total 1992 3,244,979 Total 1991 2,881,084 Total 1990 2,559,284 Total 1989 2,039,378 Total 1988 1,729,046 Total 1987 1,385,387 Total 1986 1,188,057 Total 1985 933,618 Total 1984 758,471 Total 1983 647,074 Total 1982 576,984 Total 1981 437,615 Exact and natural sciences: Total 2000 1,016,796 Exact and natural sciences: Total 1999 927,097 Exact and natural sciences: Total 1998 874,100 Exact and natural sciences: Total 1997 811,330 Exact and natural sciences: Total 1996 799,797 Exact and natural sciences: Total 1995 701,652 Exact and natural sciences: Total 1994 616,067 Exact and natural sciences: Total 1993 450,705 Exact and natural sciences: Total 1992 428,462 Exact and natural sciences: Total 1991 308,500 Exact and natural sciences: Total 1990 271,249 Exact and natural sciences: Total 1989 226,786 Exact and natural sciences: Total 1988 171,433 Exact and natural sciences: Total 1987 163,127 Exact and natural sciences: Total 1986 138,161 Exact and natural sciences: Total 1985 108,182 Exact and natural sciences: Total 1984 85,578 Exact and natural sciences: Total 1983 78,642 Exact and natural sciences: Total 1982 64,603 Exact and natural sciences: Total 1981 48,916 Exact and natural sciences: % 2000 17.8 Exact and natural sciences: % 1999 18.5 Exact and natural sciences: % 1998 18.5 Exact and natural sciences: % 1997 20.1 Exact and natural sciences: % 1996 20.8 Exact and natural sciences: % 1995 19.8 Exact and natural sciences: % 1994 18.7 Exact and natural sciences: % 1993 13.5 Exact and natural sciences: % 1992 13.2 Exact and natural sciences: % 1991 10.7 Exact and natural sciences: % 1990 10.6 Exact and natural sciences: % 1989 11.1 Exact and natural sciences: % 1988 9.9 Exact and natural sciences: % 1987 11.8 Exact and natural sciences: % 1986 11.6 Exact and natural sciences: % 1985 11.6 Exact and natural sciences: % 1984 11.3 Exact and natural sciences: % 1983 12.1 Exact and natural sciences: % 1982 11.2 Exact and natural sciences: % 1981 11.2 Engineering and technology: Total 2000 3,111,817 Engineering and technology: Total 1999 2,640,529 Engineering and technology: Total 1998 2,473,141 Engineering and technology: Total 1997 2,032,010 Engineering and technology: Total 1996 1,938,072 Engineering and technology: Total 1995 1,818,314 Engineering and technology: Total 1994 1,718,486 Engineering and technology: Total 1993 1,811,312 Engineering and technology: Total 1992 1,839,944 Engineering and technology: Total 1991 1,732,069 Engineering and technology: Total 1990 1,576,635 Engineering and technology: Total 1989 1,234,034 Engineering and technology: Total 1988 1,066,935 Engineering and technology: Total 1987 816,992 Engineering and technology: Total 1986 728,571 Engineering and technology: Total 1985 570,096 Engineering and technology: Total 1984 417,481 Engineering and technology: Total 1983 379,142 Engineering and technology: Total 1982 341,002 Engineering and technology: Total 1981 248,879 Engineering and technology: % 2000 54.4 Engineering and technology: % 1999 52.9 Engineering and technology: % 1998 52.5 Engineering and technology: % 1997 50.3 Engineering and technology: % 1996 50.3 Engineering and technology: % 1995 51.2 Engineering and technology: % 1994 52.2 Engineering and technology: % 1993 54.1 Engineering and technology: % 1992 56.7 Engineering and technology: % 1991 60.1 Engineering and technology: % 1990 61.6 Engineering and technology: % 1989 60.5 Engineering and technology: % 1988 61.7 Engineering and technology: % 1987 59.0 Engineering and technology: % 1986 61.3 Engineering and technology: % 1985 61.0 Engineering and technology: % 1984 55.0 Engineering and technology: % 1983 58.6 Engineering and technology: % 1982 59.1 Engineering and technology: % 1981 56.9 Medical sciences: Total 2000 757,332 Medical sciences: Total 1999 669,107 Medical sciences: Total 1998 653,715 Medical sciences: Total 1997 555,323 Medical sciences: Total 1996 506,581 Medical sciences: Total 1995 488,737 Medical sciences: Total 1994 427,019 Medical sciences: Total 1993 449,858 Medical sciences: Total 1992 421,886 Medical sciences: Total 1991 373,733 Medical sciences: Total 1990 310,230 Medical sciences: Total 1989 241,330 Medical sciences: Total 1988 206,796 Medical sciences: Total 1987 169,612 Medical sciences: Total 1986 121,981 Medical sciences: Total 1985 92,526 Medical sciences: Total 1984 111,993 Medical sciences: Total 1983 73,492 Medical sciences: Total 1982 71,238 Medical sciences: Total 1981 54,350 Medical sciences: % 2000 13.2 Medical sciences: % 1999 13.4 Medical sciences: % 1998 13.9 Medical sciences: % 1997 13.7 Medical sciences: % 1996 13.1 Medical sciences: % 1995 13.8 Medical sciences: % 1994 13.0 Medical sciences: % 1993 13.4 Medical sciences: % 1992 13.0 Medical sciences: % 1991 13.0 Medical sciences: % 1990 12.1 Medical sciences: % 1989 11.8 Medical sciences: % 1988 12.0 Medical sciences: % 1987 12.2 Medical sciences: % 1986 10.3 Medical sciences: % 1985 9.9 Medical sciences: % 1984 14.8 Medical sciences: % 1983 11.4 Medical sciences: % 1982 12.4 Medical sciences: % 1981 12.4 Agricultural sciences: Total 2000 386,068 Agricultural sciences: Total 1999 360,427 Agricultural sciences: Total 1998 337,096 Agricultural sciences: Total 1997 297,237 Agricultural sciences: Total 1996 285,823 Agricultural sciences: Total 1995 240,062 Agricultural sciences: Total 1994 225,458 Agricultural sciences: Total 1993 228,619 Agricultural sciences: Total 1992 219,826 Agricultural sciences: Total 1991 221,665 Agricultural sciences: Total 1990 202,042 Agricultural sciences: Total 1989 173,662 Agricultural sciences: Total 1988 160,284 Agricultural sciences: Total 1987 140,348 Agricultural sciences: Total 1986 112,287 Agricultural sciences: Total 1985 92,063 Agricultural sciences: Total 1984 79,213 Agricultural sciences: Total 1983 59,711 Agricultural sciences: Total 1982 53,550 Agricultural sciences: Total 1981 43,381 Agricultural sciences: % 2000 6.8 Agricultural sciences: % 1999 7.2 Agricultural sciences: % 1998 7.1 Agricultural sciences: % 1997 7.4 Agricultural sciences: % 1996 7.4 Agricultural sciences: % 1995 6.8 Agricultural sciences: % 1994 6.8 Agricultural sciences: % 1993 6.8 Agricultural sciences: % 1992 6.8 Agricultural sciences: % 1991 7.7 Agricultural sciences: % 1990 7.9 Agricultural sciences: % 1989 8.5 Agricultural sciences: % 1988 9.3 Agricultural sciences: % 1987 10.1 Agricultural sciences: % 1986 9.5 Agricultural sciences: % 1985 9.9 Agricultural sciences: % 1984 10.4 Agricultural sciences: % 1983 9.2 Agricultural sciences: % 1982 9.3 Agricultural sciences: % 1981 9.9 Social sciences and humanities: Total 2000 446,975 Social sciences and humanities: Total 1999 398,201 Social sciences and humanities: Total 1998 376,967 Social sciences and humanities: Total 1997 343,004 Social sciences and humanities: Total 1996 322,359 Social sciences and humanities: Total 1995 301,341 Social sciences and humanities: Total 1994 307,442 Social sciences and humanities: Total 1993 409,566 Social sciences and humanities: Total 1992 334,860 Social sciences and humanities: Total 1991 245,117 Social sciences and humanities: Total 1990 199,127 Social sciences and humanities: Total 1989 163,565 Social sciences and humanities: Total 1988 123,598 Social sciences and humanities: Total 1987 95,308 Social sciences and humanities: Total 1986 87,057 Social sciences and humanities: Total 1985 70,751 Social sciences and humanities: Total 1984 64,206 Social sciences and humanities: Total 1983 56,086 Social sciences and humanities: Total 1982 46,590 Social sciences and humanities: Total 1981 42,089 Social sciences and humanities: % 2000 7.8 Social sciences and humanities: % 1999 8.0 Social sciences and humanities: % 1998 8.0 Social sciences and humanities: % 1997 8.5 Social sciences and humanities: % 1996 8.4 Social sciences and humanities: % 1995 8.5 Social sciences and humanities: % 1994 9.3 Social sciences and humanities: % 1993 12.2 Social sciences and humanities: % 1992 10.3 Social sciences and humanities: % 1991 8.5 Social sciences and humanities: % 1990 7.8 Social sciences and humanities: % 1989 8.0 Social sciences and humanities: % 1988 7.1 Social sciences and humanities: % 1987 6.9 Social sciences and humanities: % 1986 7.3 Social sciences and humanities: % 1985 7.6 Social sciences and humanities: % 1984 8.5 Social sciences and humanities: % 1983 8.7 Social sciences and humanities: % 1982 8.0 Social sciences and humanities: % 1981 9.6