Statistics on R&D Activities in the Business Sector Total sectors C** Indicators by OECD countries, resources allocated to R+D and period. Units: specified in variables Total internal expenditure x 100/GDP market prices Personnel R+D (FTE) x 1000/Employed Total researchers (physical persons) Percentage of women among total number of researchers 2020 2019 2018 2017 2016 2020 2019 2018 2017 2016 2020 2019 2018 2017 2016 2020 2019 2018 2017 2016 Australia .. 1.80 .. 1.79 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Austria 3.20 3.13 3.09 3.06 3.12 18.3 18.4 17.9 17.2 17.3 .. 93,179 .. 83,648 .. .. 30.4 .. 30.1 .. Belgium 3.48 3.16 2.86 2.67 2.52 21.0 19.1 18.4 17.4 16.9 .. 91,757 .. 78,867 .. .. 32.6 .. 34.8 .. Canada 1.70 1.59 1.68 1.69 1.73 .. .. 12.5 12.3 12.4 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Chile .. 0.34 0.37 0.36 0.37 .. 1.9 2.0 2.0 2.0 .. 15,438 15,467 14,392 14,181 .. 34.8 32.4 34.4 33.1 Colombia 0.29 0.32 0.31 0.26 0.27 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Czech Republic 1.99 1.93 1.90 1.77 1.67 15.2 14.6 13.8 13.0 12.5 65,193 63,690 61,966 59,789 56,178 27.6 27.2 26.6 26.8 26.7 Danemark 2.96 2.89 2.97 2.93 3.09 20.8 20.7 20.2 20.6 21.9 61,481 61,573 60,389 60,085 60,782 .. 35.3 .. 35.7 .. Estonia 1.79 1.63 1.42 1.28 1.24 10.2 9.9 9.5 9.4 9.2 .. 7,734 7,281 7,344 6,845 .. 42.4 43.9 42.2 43.6 Finland 2.91 2.80 2.76 2.73 2.72 20.4 19.3 19.0 19.1 18.7 .. 58,291 55,415 54,139 53,752 .. 33.7 33.7 33.2 32.5 France 2.35 2.19 2.20 2.20 2.22 16.7 16.2 16.1 15.9 15.7 .. .. 429,959 416,217 396,594 .. .. .. 28.3 28.0 Germany 3.14 3.17 3.11 3.05 2.94 16.4 16.3 15.8 15.5 15.1 .. 667,394 .. 623,125 .. .. 28.1 .. 27.9 .. Greece 1.50 1.28 1.21 1.15 1.01 12.7 11.8 11.4 10.7 9.4 .. 66,451 .. 61,616 .. .. 39.0 .. 37.8 .. Hungary 1.61 1.48 1.51 1.32 1.18 12.8 12.1 11.7 8.9 8.0 .. 58,091 54,970 42,729 38,915 .. 30.0 28.0 30.5 30.8 Iceland 2.47 2.32 2.00 2.08 2.11 .. .. .. 16.1 .. .. .. .. 3,783 .. .. .. .. 46.4 .. Ireland 1.23 1.23 1.17 1.26 1.18 14.7 14.1 14.2 15.8 16.5 .. 37,003 .. 34,721 .. .. 38.1 .. 36.3 .. Israel 5.44 5.14 4.80 4.66 4.51 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Italy 1.53 1.46 1.42 1.37 1.37 14.0 14.0 13.6 12.6 11.7 .. 222,165 210,419 195,560 185,916 .. 34.2 33.8 34.3 35.2 Japan 3.27 3.21 3.22 3.17 3.11 13.3 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.0 951,726 942,180 935,658 930,720 917,725 17.5 16.9 16.6 16.2 15.7 Korea 4.81 4.63 4.52 4.29 3.99 20.3 19.4 18.7 17.6 16.9 558,045 538,136 514,170 482,796 460,769 21.4 21.0 20.4 20.1 19.7 Latvia 0.71 0.64 0.64 0.51 0.44 7.5 6.6 6.4 6.1 5.8 .. 7,724 7,439 7,504 7,400 .. 50.6 50.7 52.2 52.2 Lithuania 1.16 0.99 0.94 0.90 0.84 10.5 9.4 8.7 8.5 8.0 .. 18,811 19,198 18,767 17,746 .. 49.1 49.0 49.5 51.6 Luxembourg 1.13 1.18 1.17 1.24 1.27 12.0 12.5 12.2 12.8 12.9 .. 3,722 .. 3,540 .. .. 27.4 .. 28.1 .. Mexico 0.30 0.28 0.31 0.33 0.39 1.9 1.7 1.6 1.7 1.7 62,356 58,013 54,539 54,578 54,357 32.3 32.8 33.2 33.5 33.7 The Netherlands 2.29 2.18 2.14 2.18 2.15 16.9 16.7 16.7 16.4 16.2 .. 136,034 130,153 124,834 124,568 .. 27.9 27.0 26.1 26.1 New Zealand .. 1.41 .. 1.35 .. .. 14.8 .. 13.4 .. .. 44,000 .. 40,000 .. .. .. .. .. .. Norway 2.28 2.16 2.05 2.10 2.04 17.5 17.2 16.7 16.8 16.2 .. 61,657 59,629 57,934 54,601 .. 38.6 38.8 38.1 37.6 Poland 1.39 1.32 1.21 1.03 0.96 10.6 10.0 9.9 8.8 6.9 .. 194,607 192,833 187,905 132,547 .. 37.6 37.9 38.1 36.4 Portugal 1.62 1.40 1.35 1.32 1.28 13.6 12.4 11.8 11.5 10.8 104,681 100,823 96,123 89,659 85,780 42.5 42.8 43.3 43.7 43.5 Slovak Republic 0.91 0.83 0.84 0.89 0.79 9.3 8.7 8.4 8.0 7.7 28,696 28,851 28,755 26,861 26,720 41.1 41.0 41.2 41.9 41.4 Slovenia 2.15 2.05 1.95 1.87 2.01 15.2 16.2 15.4 14.9 15.0 .. 15,925 15,388 14,079 11,282 .. 33.3 32.5 32.3 34.5 Spain 1.41 1.25 1.24 1.21 1.19 11.9 11.4 11.4 11.1 10.9 .. 241,372 234,798 225,995 218,680 .. 41.3 40.8 40.5 40.2 Sweden 3.53 3.39 3.32 3.36 3.25 18.9 18.0 18.0 17.7 18.5 .. 111,179 .. 107,042 .. .. 33.3 .. 32.6 .. Swizterland .. 3.15 .. 3.03 .. .. 16.9 .. 15.8 .. .. 77,492 .. 71,657 .. .. 35.8 .. 35.2 .. Turkey 1.09 1.06 1.03 0.95 0.94 7.5 6.6 6.0 5.5 5.1 257,930 243,773 230,030 210,769 191,769 36.7 37.0 36.8 37.0 36.7 United Kingdom .. 1.71 1.70 1.66 1.64 .. 14.5 14.3 13.8 13.1 .. 548,498 535,477 520,936 510,980 .. 39.0 38.6 38.7 38.7 United States 3.45 3.18 3.01 2.91 2.85 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Total 2.68 2.51 2.44 2.37 2.33 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. European Union - 27 countries (since 02/01/2020) 2.20 2.11 2.07 2.03 1.99 14.4 14.0 13.7 13.2 12.7 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Argentina .. 0.46 0.50 0.56 0.53 .. 4.5 4.5 4.4 4.5 .. 90,747 88,872 84,284 86,562 .. 53.0 53.3 53.8 53.0 China 2.40 2.23 2.14 2.12 2.10 7.0 6.4 5.8 5.3 5.1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Romania 0.47 0.48 0.50 0.50 0.48 3.9 3.7 3.7 3.8 3.8 .. 27,168 27,471 27,367 27,801 .. 46.9 46.2 46.7 45.8 Russian Federation 1.10 1.04 0.99 1.11 1.10 10.6 10.5 10.5 10.8 11.1 346,497 348,221 347,854 359,793 370,379 38.8 39.1 39.2 39.5 40.0 Singapore .. 1.89 1.81 1.90 2.07 .. 12.8 12.1 12.1 12.3 .. 46,125 43,329 42,838 43,177 .. 30.8 30.8 30.7 30.7 South Africa .. .. .. 0.83 0.82 .. .. .. 2.7 2.7 .. .. .. 61,840 56,761 .. .. .. 44.9 45.1 Chinese Taipei 3.64 3.49 3.35 3.19 3.09 24.3 23.6 22.9 22.5 22.2 203,970 199,144 193,035 187,971 184,898 22.9 22.7 22.6 22.6 22.3 Notes: 1) Source: OECD. MSTI 2021-2 Database. FTE: Full Time Equivalent '..' data not available C** - table added on April 29, 2022. Source: National Statistics Institute