Leading Indicators Type of government Total Personnel intramural R&D (HC) Total Central Government: OPIS 17,731 Personnel intramural R&D (HC) Total Central Government: Rest of the Central Government 5,386 Personnel intramural R&D (HC) Total Regional and local Government 35,950 Personnel intramural R&D (HC) Total Other centres 6,831 Personnel intramural R&D (HC) Total Total Government 65,898 Personnel intramural R&D (HC) Researchers Central Government: OPIS 8,153 Personnel intramural R&D (HC) Researchers Central Government: Rest of the Central Government 3,433 Personnel intramural R&D (HC) Researchers Regional and local Government 23,299 Personnel intramural R&D (HC) Researchers Other centres 4,333 Personnel intramural R&D (HC) Researchers Total Government 39,218 Personnel intramural R&D (HC) Technicians Central Government: OPIS 7,379 Personnel intramural R&D (HC) Technicians Central Government: Rest of the Central Government 1,539 Personnel intramural R&D (HC) Technicians Regional and local Government 7,900 Personnel intramural R&D (HC) Technicians Other centres 1,757 Personnel intramural R&D (HC) Technicians Total Government 18,575 Personnel intramural R&D (HC) Other supporting staff Central Government: OPIS 2,199 Personnel intramural R&D (HC) Other supporting staff Central Government: Rest of the Central Government 414 Personnel intramural R&D (HC) Other supporting staff Regional and local Government 4,751 Personnel intramural R&D (HC) Other supporting staff Other centres 741 Personnel intramural R&D (HC) Other supporting staff Total Government 8,105 Personnel intramural R&D (HC) Women: Total Central Government: OPIS 8,647 Personnel intramural R&D (HC) Women: Total Central Government: Rest of the Central Government 2,640 Personnel intramural R&D (HC) Women: Total Regional and local Government 22,129 Personnel intramural R&D (HC) Women: Total Other centres 3,990 Personnel intramural R&D (HC) Women: Total Total Government 37,406 Personnel intramural R&D (HC) Women: Researchers Central Government: OPIS 3,411 Personnel intramural R&D (HC) Women: Researchers Central Government: Rest of the Central Government 1,717 Personnel intramural R&D (HC) Women: Researchers Regional and local Government 14,019 Personnel intramural R&D (HC) Women: Researchers Other centres 2,272 Personnel intramural R&D (HC) Women: Researchers Total Government 21,419 Personnel intramural R&D (HC) Women: Technicians Central Government: OPIS 4,059 Personnel intramural R&D (HC) Women: Technicians Central Government: Rest of the Central Government 678 Personnel intramural R&D (HC) Women: Technicians Regional and local Government 5,346 Personnel intramural R&D (HC) Women: Technicians Other centres 1,186 Personnel intramural R&D (HC) Women: Technicians Total Government 11,269 Personnel intramural R&D (HC) Women: Other supporting staff Central Government: OPIS 1,177 Personnel intramural R&D (HC) Women: Other supporting staff Central Government: Rest of the Central Government 245 Personnel intramural R&D (HC) Women: Other supporting staff Regional and local Government 2,764 Personnel intramural R&D (HC) Women: Other supporting staff Other centres 532 Personnel intramural R&D (HC) Women: Other supporting staff Total Government 4,718 Personnel intramural R&D (FTE) Total Central Government: OPIS 17,530.3 Personnel intramural R&D (FTE) Total Central Government: Rest of the Central Government 3,451.0 Personnel intramural R&D (FTE) Total Regional and local Government 18,882.1 Personnel intramural R&D (FTE) Total Other centres 5,094.7 Personnel intramural R&D (FTE) Total Total Government 44,958.1 Personnel intramural R&D (FTE) Researchers Central Government: OPIS 8,150.2 Personnel intramural R&D (FTE) Researchers Central Government: Rest of the Central Government 2,195.3 Personnel intramural R&D (FTE) Researchers Regional and local Government 10,381.6 Personnel intramural R&D (FTE) Researchers Other centres 3,014.6 Personnel intramural R&D (FTE) Researchers Total Government 23,741.7 Personnel intramural R&D (FTE) Technicians Central Government: OPIS 7,188.4 Personnel intramural R&D (FTE) Technicians Central Government: Rest of the Central Government 1,035.2 Personnel intramural R&D (FTE) Technicians Regional and local Government 4,875.0 Personnel intramural R&D (FTE) Technicians Other centres 1,429.3 Personnel intramural R&D (FTE) Technicians Total Government 14,527.9 Personnel intramural R&D (FTE) Other supporting staff Central Government: OPIS 2,191.7 Personnel intramural R&D (FTE) Other supporting staff Central Government: Rest of the Central Government 220.5 Personnel intramural R&D (FTE) Other supporting staff Regional and local Government 3,625.5 Personnel intramural R&D (FTE) Other supporting staff Other centres 650.8 Personnel intramural R&D (FTE) Other supporting staff Total Government 6,688.5 Personnel intramural R&D (FTE) Women: Total Central Government: OPIS 8,523.2 Personnel intramural R&D (FTE) Women: Total Central Government: Rest of the Central Government 1,645.9 Personnel intramural R&D (FTE) Women: Total Regional and local Government 11,256.3 Personnel intramural R&D (FTE) Women: Total Other centres 3,071.4 Personnel intramural R&D (FTE) Women: Total Total Government 24,496.8 Personnel intramural R&D (FTE) Women: Researchers Central Government: OPIS 3,408.7 Personnel intramural R&D (FTE) Women: Researchers Central Government: Rest of the Central Government 1,076.6 Personnel intramural R&D (FTE) Women: Researchers Regional and local Government 5,895.3 Personnel intramural R&D (FTE) Women: Researchers Other centres 1,628.4 Personnel intramural R&D (FTE) Women: Researchers Total Government 12,009.0 Personnel intramural R&D (FTE) Women: Technicians Central Government: OPIS 3,943.6 Personnel intramural R&D (FTE) Women: Technicians Central Government: Rest of the Central Government 441.6 Personnel intramural R&D (FTE) Women: Technicians Regional and local Government 3,297.2 Personnel intramural R&D (FTE) Women: Technicians Other centres 971.1 Personnel intramural R&D (FTE) Women: Technicians Total Government 8,653.5 Personnel intramural R&D (FTE) Women: Other supporting staff Central Government: OPIS 1,170.9 Personnel intramural R&D (FTE) Women: Other supporting staff Central Government: Rest of the Central Government 127.7 Personnel intramural R&D (FTE) Women: Other supporting staff Regional and local Government 2,063.8 Personnel intramural R&D (FTE) Women: Other supporting staff Other centres 471.9 Personnel intramural R&D (FTE) Women: Other supporting staff Total Government 3,834.3 By qualification (HC): Total Central Government: OPIS 17,731 By qualification (HC): Total Central Government: Rest of the Central Government 5,386 By qualification (HC): Total Regional and local Government 35,950 By qualification (HC): Total Other centres 6,831 By qualification (HC): Total Total Government 65,898 By qualification (HC): University PhD Central Government: OPIS 5,433 By qualification (HC): University PhD Central Government: Rest of the Central Government 1,390 By qualification (HC): University PhD Regional and local Government 8,404 By qualification (HC): University PhD Other centres 2,078 By qualification (HC): University PhD Total Government 17,305 By qualification (HC): Degree of more than 240 ECTS (*), Bachelor's degree and equivalents Central Government: OPIS 7,495 By qualification (HC): Degree of more than 240 ECTS (*), Bachelor's degree and equivalents Central Government: Rest of the Central Government 2,926 By qualification (HC): Degree of more than 240 ECTS (*), Bachelor's degree and equivalents Regional and local Government 18,623 By qualification (HC): Degree of more than 240 ECTS (*), Bachelor's degree and equivalents Other centres 3,388 By qualification (HC): Degree of more than 240 ECTS (*), Bachelor's degree and equivalents Total Government 32,432 By qualification (HC): Degree of 240 ECTS, Diploma and equivalents Central Government: OPIS 734 By qualification (HC): Degree of 240 ECTS, Diploma and equivalents Central Government: Rest of the Central Government 386 By qualification (HC): Degree of 240 ECTS, Diploma and equivalents Regional and local Government 4,381 By qualification (HC): Degree of 240 ECTS, Diploma and equivalents Other centres 593 By qualification (HC): Degree of 240 ECTS, Diploma and equivalents Total Government 6,094 By qualification (HC): Higher Level Training Cycle, FPII and equivalents Central Government: OPIS 1,396 By qualification (HC): Higher Level Training Cycle, FPII and equivalents Central Government: Rest of the Central Government 524 By qualification (HC): Higher Level Training Cycle, FPII and equivalents Regional and local Government 2,652 By qualification (HC): Higher Level Training Cycle, FPII and equivalents Other centres 623 By qualification (HC): Higher Level Training Cycle, FPII and equivalents Total Government 5,195 By qualification (HC): Baccalaureate, Intermediate Training Cycle, FPI and similar Central Government: OPIS 1,138 By qualification (HC): Baccalaureate, Intermediate Training Cycle, FPI and similar Central Government: Rest of the Central Government 145 By qualification (HC): Baccalaureate, Intermediate Training Cycle, FPI and similar Regional and local Government 1,159 By qualification (HC): Baccalaureate, Intermediate Training Cycle, FPI and similar Other centres 91 By qualification (HC): Baccalaureate, Intermediate Training Cycle, FPI and similar Total Government 2,533 By qualification (HC): Other studies Central Government: OPIS 1,535 By qualification (HC): Other studies Central Government: Rest of the Central Government 15 By qualification (HC): Other studies Regional and local Government 731 By qualification (HC): Other studies Other centres 58 By qualification (HC): Other studies Total Government 2,339 By qualification (HC): Women: Total Central Government: OPIS 8,647 By qualification (HC): Women: Total Central Government: Rest of the Central Government 2,640 By qualification (HC): Women: Total Regional and local Government 22,129 By qualification (HC): Women: Total Other centres 3,990 By qualification (HC): Women: Total Total Government 37,406 By qualification (HC): Women: University PhD Central Government: OPIS 2,278 By qualification (HC): Women: University PhD Central Government: Rest of the Central Government 700 By qualification (HC): Women: University PhD Regional and local Government 4,520 By qualification (HC): Women: University PhD Other centres 975 By qualification (HC): Women: University PhD Total Government 8,473 By qualification (HC): Women: Degree of more than 240 ECTS (*), Bachelor's degree and equivalents Central Government: OPIS 3,908 By qualification (HC): Women: Degree of more than 240 ECTS (*), Bachelor's degree and equivalents Central Government: Rest of the Central Government 1,396 By qualification (HC): Women: Degree of more than 240 ECTS (*), Bachelor's degree and equivalents Regional and local Government 11,813 By qualification (HC): Women: Degree of more than 240 ECTS (*), Bachelor's degree and equivalents Other centres 2,130 By qualification (HC): Women: Degree of more than 240 ECTS (*), Bachelor's degree and equivalents Total Government 19,247 By qualification (HC): Women: Degree of 240 ECTS, Diploma and equivalents Central Government: OPIS 348 By qualification (HC): Women: Degree of 240 ECTS, Diploma and equivalents Central Government: Rest of the Central Government 184 By qualification (HC): Women: Degree of 240 ECTS, Diploma and equivalents Regional and local Government 3,124 By qualification (HC): Women: Degree of 240 ECTS, Diploma and equivalents Other centres 385 By qualification (HC): Women: Degree of 240 ECTS, Diploma and equivalents Total Government 4,041 By qualification (HC): Women: Higher Level Training Cycle, FPII and equivalents Central Government: OPIS 824 By qualification (HC): Women: Higher Level Training Cycle, FPII and equivalents Central Government: Rest of the Central Government 270 By qualification (HC): Women: Higher Level Training Cycle, FPII and equivalents Regional and local Government 1,774 By qualification (HC): Women: Higher Level Training Cycle, FPII and equivalents Other centres 435 By qualification (HC): Women: Higher Level Training Cycle, FPII and equivalents Total Government 3,303 By qualification (HC): Women: Baccalaureate, Intermediate Training Cycle, FPI and similar Central Government: OPIS 528 By qualification (HC): Women: Baccalaureate, Intermediate Training Cycle, FPI and similar Central Government: Rest of the Central Government 84 By qualification (HC): Women: Baccalaureate, Intermediate Training Cycle, FPI and similar Regional and local Government 591 By qualification (HC): Women: Baccalaureate, Intermediate Training Cycle, FPI and similar Other centres 46 By qualification (HC): Women: Baccalaureate, Intermediate Training Cycle, FPI and similar Total Government 1,249 By qualification (HC): Women: Other studies Central Government: OPIS 761 By qualification (HC): Women: Other studies Central Government: Rest of the Central Government 6 By qualification (HC): Women: Other studies Regional and local Government 307 By qualification (HC): Women: Other studies Other centres 19 By qualification (HC): Women: Other studies Total Government 1,093 By qualification (FTE): Total Central Government: OPIS 17,530.3 By qualification (FTE): Total Central Government: Rest of the Central Government 3,451.0 By qualification (FTE): Total Regional and local Government 18,882.1 By qualification (FTE): Total Other centres 5,094.7 By qualification (FTE): Total Total Government 44,958.1 By qualification (FTE): University PhD Central Government: OPIS 5,424.3 By qualification (FTE): University PhD Central Government: Rest of the Central Government 962.9 By qualification (FTE): University PhD Regional and local Government 4,900.0 By qualification (FTE): University PhD Other centres 1,397.7 By qualification (FTE): University PhD Total Government 12,684.9 By qualification (FTE): Degree of more than 240 ECTS (*), Bachelor's degree and equivalents Central Government: OPIS 7,330.5 By qualification (FTE): Degree of more than 240 ECTS (*), Bachelor's degree and equivalents Central Government: Rest of the Central Government 1,862.1 By qualification (FTE): Degree of more than 240 ECTS (*), Bachelor's degree and equivalents Regional and local Government 8,458.1 By qualification (FTE): Degree of more than 240 ECTS (*), Bachelor's degree and equivalents Other centres 2,632.5 By qualification (FTE): Degree of more than 240 ECTS (*), Bachelor's degree and equivalents Total Government 20,283.2 By qualification (FTE): Degree of 240 ECTS, Diploma and equivalents Central Government: OPIS 729.1 By qualification (FTE): Degree of 240 ECTS, Diploma and equivalents Central Government: Rest of the Central Government 229.0 By qualification (FTE): Degree of 240 ECTS, Diploma and equivalents Regional and local Government 2,122.1 By qualification (FTE): Degree of 240 ECTS, Diploma and equivalents Other centres 420.5 By qualification (FTE): Degree of 240 ECTS, Diploma and equivalents Total Government 3,500.7 By qualification (FTE): Higher Level Training Cycle, FPII and equivalents Central Government: OPIS 1,381.5 By qualification (FTE): Higher Level Training Cycle, FPII and equivalents Central Government: Rest of the Central Government 300.1 By qualification (FTE): Higher Level Training Cycle, FPII and equivalents Regional and local Government 1,967.5 By qualification (FTE): Higher Level Training Cycle, FPII and equivalents Other centres 548.2 By qualification (FTE): Higher Level Training Cycle, FPII and equivalents Total Government 4,197.3 By qualification (FTE): Baccalaureate, Intermediate Training Cycle, FPI and similar Central Government: OPIS 1,134.0 By qualification (FTE): Baccalaureate, Intermediate Training Cycle, FPI and similar Central Government: Rest of the Central Government 88.3 By qualification (FTE): Baccalaureate, Intermediate Training Cycle, FPI and similar Regional and local Government 786.9 By qualification (FTE): Baccalaureate, Intermediate Training Cycle, FPI and similar Other centres 52.5 By qualification (FTE): Baccalaureate, Intermediate Training Cycle, FPI and similar Total Government 2,061.7 By qualification (FTE): Other studies Central Government: OPIS 1,530.9 By qualification (FTE): Other studies Central Government: Rest of the Central Government 8.6 By qualification (FTE): Other studies Regional and local Government 647.5 By qualification (FTE): Other studies Other centres 43.3 By qualification (FTE): Other studies Total Government 2,230.3 By scientific discipline (HC): Total Central Government: OPIS 17,731 By scientific discipline (HC): Total Central Government: Rest of the Central Government 5,386 By scientific discipline (HC): Total Regional and local Government 35,950 By scientific discipline (HC): Total Other centres 6,831 By scientific discipline (HC): Total Total Government 65,898 By scientific discipline (HC): Exact and natural sciences Central Government: OPIS 4,407 By scientific discipline (HC): Exact and natural sciences Central Government: Rest of the Central Government 1,481 By scientific discipline (HC): Exact and natural sciences Regional and local Government 4,556 By scientific discipline (HC): Exact and natural sciences Other centres 1,488 By scientific discipline (HC): Exact and natural sciences Total Government 11,932 By scientific discipline (HC): Engineering and technology Central Government: OPIS 6,196 By scientific discipline (HC): Engineering and technology Central Government: Rest of the Central Government 999 By scientific discipline (HC): Engineering and technology Regional and local Government 1,908 By scientific discipline (HC): Engineering and technology Other centres 643 By scientific discipline (HC): Engineering and technology Total Government 9,746 By scientific discipline (HC): Medical Sciences Central Government: OPIS 3,534 By scientific discipline (HC): Medical Sciences Central Government: Rest of the Central Government 2,032 By scientific discipline (HC): Medical Sciences Regional and local Government 22,629 By scientific discipline (HC): Medical Sciences Other centres 4,135 By scientific discipline (HC): Medical Sciences Total Government 32,330 By scientific discipline (HC): Agricultural and veterinary sciences Central Government: OPIS 2,214 By scientific discipline (HC): Agricultural and veterinary sciences Central Government: Rest of the Central Government 6 By scientific discipline (HC): Agricultural and veterinary sciences Regional and local Government 4,250 By scientific discipline (HC): Agricultural and veterinary sciences Other centres 65 By scientific discipline (HC): Agricultural and veterinary sciences Total Government 6,535 By scientific discipline (HC): Social Sciences Central Government: OPIS 722 By scientific discipline (HC): Social Sciences Central Government: Rest of the Central Government 798 By scientific discipline (HC): Social Sciences Regional and local Government 2,158 By scientific discipline (HC): Social Sciences Other centres 283 By scientific discipline (HC): Social Sciences Total Government 3,961 By scientific discipline (HC): Humanities and the Arts Central Government: OPIS 658 By scientific discipline (HC): Humanities and the Arts Central Government: Rest of the Central Government 70 By scientific discipline (HC): Humanities and the Arts Regional and local Government 449 By scientific discipline (HC): Humanities and the Arts Other centres 217 By scientific discipline (HC): Humanities and the Arts Total Government 1,394 By scientific discipline (HC): Women: Total Central Government: OPIS 8,647 By scientific discipline (HC): Women: Total Central Government: Rest of the Central Government 2,640 By scientific discipline (HC): Women: Total Regional and local Government 22,129 By scientific discipline (HC): Women: Total Other centres 3,990 By scientific discipline (HC): Women: Total Total Government 37,406 By scientific discipline (HC): Women: Exact and natural sciences Central Government: OPIS 1,764 By scientific discipline (HC): Women: Exact and natural sciences Central Government: Rest of the Central Government 483 By scientific discipline (HC): Women: Exact and natural sciences Regional and local Government 2,652 By scientific discipline (HC): Women: Exact and natural sciences Other centres 790 By scientific discipline (HC): Women: Exact and natural sciences Total Government 5,689 By scientific discipline (HC): Women: Engineering and technology Central Government: OPIS 2,795 By scientific discipline (HC): Women: Engineering and technology Central Government: Rest of the Central Government 354 By scientific discipline (HC): Women: Engineering and technology Regional and local Government 729 By scientific discipline (HC): Women: Engineering and technology Other centres 229 By scientific discipline (HC): Women: Engineering and technology Total Government 4,107 By scientific discipline (HC): Women: Medical Sciences Central Government: OPIS 2,127 By scientific discipline (HC): Women: Medical Sciences Central Government: Rest of the Central Government 1,344 By scientific discipline (HC): Women: Medical Sciences Regional and local Government 15,157 By scientific discipline (HC): Women: Medical Sciences Other centres 2,661 By scientific discipline (HC): Women: Medical Sciences Total Government 21,289 By scientific discipline (HC): Women: Agricultural and veterinary sciences Central Government: OPIS 1,195 By scientific discipline (HC): Women: Agricultural and veterinary sciences Central Government: Rest of the Central Government 2 By scientific discipline (HC): Women: Agricultural and veterinary sciences Regional and local Government 2,046 By scientific discipline (HC): Women: Agricultural and veterinary sciences Other centres 17 By scientific discipline (HC): Women: Agricultural and veterinary sciences Total Government 3,260 By scientific discipline (HC): Women: Social Sciences Central Government: OPIS 352 By scientific discipline (HC): Women: Social Sciences Central Government: Rest of the Central Government 423 By scientific discipline (HC): Women: Social Sciences Regional and local Government 1,288 By scientific discipline (HC): Women: Social Sciences Other centres 182 By scientific discipline (HC): Women: Social Sciences Total Government 2,245 By scientific discipline (HC): Women: Humanities and the Arts Central Government: OPIS 414 By scientific discipline (HC): Women: Humanities and the Arts Central Government: Rest of the Central Government 34 By scientific discipline (HC): Women: Humanities and the Arts Regional and local Government 257 By scientific discipline (HC): Women: Humanities and the Arts Other centres 111 By scientific discipline (HC): Women: Humanities and the Arts Total Government 816 External personnel by occupation (HC): Total Central Government: OPIS 0 External personnel by occupation (HC): Total Central Government: Rest of the Central Government 209 External personnel by occupation (HC): Total Regional and local Government 576 External personnel by occupation (HC): Total Other centres 41 External personnel by occupation (HC): Total Total Government 826 External personnel by occupation (HC): Researchers Central Government: OPIS 0 External personnel by occupation (HC): Researchers Central Government: Rest of the Central Government 123 External personnel by occupation (HC): Researchers Regional and local Government 379 External personnel by occupation (HC): Researchers Other centres 26 External personnel by occupation (HC): Researchers Total Government 528 External personnel by occupation (HC): Women: Total Central Government: OPIS 0 External personnel by occupation (HC): Women: Total Central Government: Rest of the Central Government 79 External personnel by occupation (HC): Women: Total Regional and local Government 270 External personnel by occupation (HC): Women: Total Other centres 17 External personnel by occupation (HC): Women: Total Total Government 366 External personnel by occupation (HC): Women: Researchers Central Government: OPIS 0 External personnel by occupation (HC): Women: Researchers Central Government: Rest of the Central Government 48 External personnel by occupation (HC): Women: Researchers Regional and local Government 174 External personnel by occupation (HC): Women: Researchers Other centres 10 External personnel by occupation (HC): Women: Researchers Total Government 232 External personnel by occupation (FTE): Total Central Government: OPIS 0.0 External personnel by occupation (FTE): Total Central Government: Rest of the Central Government 135.0 External personnel by occupation (FTE): Total Regional and local Government 426.0 External personnel by occupation (FTE): Total Other centres 23.8 External personnel by occupation (FTE): Total Total Government 584.8 External personnel by occupation (FTE): Researchers Central Government: OPIS 0.0 External personnel by occupation (FTE): Researchers Central Government: Rest of the Central Government 70.2 External personnel by occupation (FTE): Researchers Regional and local Government 296.1 External personnel by occupation (FTE): Researchers Other centres 17.1 External personnel by occupation (FTE): Researchers Total Government 383.4 External personnel by occupation (FTE): Women: Total Central Government: OPIS 0.0 External personnel by occupation (FTE): Women: Total Central Government: Rest of the Central Government 45.3 External personnel by occupation (FTE): Women: Total Regional and local Government 203.7 External personnel by occupation (FTE): Women: Total Other centres 8.4 External personnel by occupation (FTE): Women: Total Total Government 257.4 External personnel by occupation (FTE): Women: Researchers Central Government: OPIS 0.0 External personnel by occupation (FTE): Women: Researchers Central Government: Rest of the Central Government 23.1 External personnel by occupation (FTE): Women: Researchers Regional and local Government 141.6 External personnel by occupation (FTE): Women: Researchers Other centres 5.9 External personnel by occupation (FTE): Women: Researchers Total Government 170.6