OECD countries;Resources allocated to R&D;Period;Total
Australia;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2020;..
Australia;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2019;1.80
Australia;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2018;..
Australia;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2017;1.79
Australia;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2016;..
Australia;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2020;..
Australia;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2019;..
Australia;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2018;..
Australia;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2017;..
Australia;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2016;..
Australia;Total researchers (head count);2020;..
Australia;Total researchers (head count);2019;..
Australia;Total researchers (head count);2018;..
Australia;Total researchers (head count);2017;..
Australia;Total researchers (head count);2016;..
Australia;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2020;..
Australia;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2019;..
Australia;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2018;..
Australia;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2017;..
Australia;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2016;..
Austria;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2020;3.20
Austria;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2019;3.13
Austria;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2018;3.09
Austria;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2017;3.06
Austria;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2016;3.12
Austria;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2020;18.3
Austria;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2019;18.4
Austria;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2018;17.9
Austria;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2017;17.2
Austria;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2016;17.3
Austria;Total researchers (head count);2020;..
Austria;Total researchers (head count);2019;93,179
Austria;Total researchers (head count);2018;..
Austria;Total researchers (head count);2017;83,648
Austria;Total researchers (head count);2016;..
Austria;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2020;..
Austria;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2019;30.4
Austria;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2018;..
Austria;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2017;30.1
Austria;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2016;..
Belgium;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2020;3.48
Belgium;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2019;3.16
Belgium;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2018;2.86
Belgium;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2017;2.67
Belgium;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2016;2.52
Belgium;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2020;21.0
Belgium;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2019;19.1
Belgium;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2018;18.4
Belgium;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2017;17.4
Belgium;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2016;16.9
Belgium;Total researchers (head count);2020;..
Belgium;Total researchers (head count);2019;91,757
Belgium;Total researchers (head count);2018;..
Belgium;Total researchers (head count);2017;78,867
Belgium;Total researchers (head count);2016;..
Belgium;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2020;..
Belgium;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2019;32.6
Belgium;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2018;..
Belgium;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2017;34.8
Belgium;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2016;..
Canada;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2020;1.70
Canada;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2019;1.59
Canada;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2018;1.68
Canada;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2017;1.69
Canada;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2016;1.73
Canada;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2020;..
Canada;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2019;..
Canada;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2018;12.5
Canada;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2017;12.3
Canada;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2016;12.4
Canada;Total researchers (head count);2020;..
Canada;Total researchers (head count);2019;..
Canada;Total researchers (head count);2018;..
Canada;Total researchers (head count);2017;..
Canada;Total researchers (head count);2016;..
Canada;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2020;..
Canada;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2019;..
Canada;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2018;..
Canada;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2017;..
Canada;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2016;..
Chile;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2020;..
Chile;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2019;0.34
Chile;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2018;0.37
Chile;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2017;0.36
Chile;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2016;0.37
Chile;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2020;..
Chile;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2019;1.9
Chile;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2018;2.0
Chile;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2017;2.0
Chile;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2016;2.0
Chile;Total researchers (head count);2020;..
Chile;Total researchers (head count);2019;15,438
Chile;Total researchers (head count);2018;15,467
Chile;Total researchers (head count);2017;14,392
Chile;Total researchers (head count);2016;14,181
Chile;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2020;..
Chile;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2019;34.8
Chile;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2018;32.4
Chile;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2017;34.4
Chile;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2016;33.1
Colombia;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2020;0.29
Colombia;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2019;0.32
Colombia;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2018;0.31
Colombia;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2017;0.26
Colombia;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2016;0.27
Colombia;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2020;..
Colombia;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2019;..
Colombia;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2018;..
Colombia;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2017;..
Colombia;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2016;..
Colombia;Total researchers (head count);2020;..
Colombia;Total researchers (head count);2019;..
Colombia;Total researchers (head count);2018;..
Colombia;Total researchers (head count);2017;..
Colombia;Total researchers (head count);2016;..
Colombia;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2020;..
Colombia;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2019;..
Colombia;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2018;..
Colombia;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2017;..
Colombia;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2016;..
Czech Republic;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2020;1.99
Czech Republic;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2019;1.93
Czech Republic;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2018;1.90
Czech Republic;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2017;1.77
Czech Republic;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2016;1.67
Czech Republic;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2020;15.2
Czech Republic;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2019;14.6
Czech Republic;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2018;13.8
Czech Republic;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2017;13.0
Czech Republic;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2016;12.5
Czech Republic;Total researchers (head count);2020;65,193
Czech Republic;Total researchers (head count);2019;63,690
Czech Republic;Total researchers (head count);2018;61,966
Czech Republic;Total researchers (head count);2017;59,789
Czech Republic;Total researchers (head count);2016;56,178
Czech Republic;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2020;27.6
Czech Republic;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2019;27.2
Czech Republic;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2018;26.6
Czech Republic;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2017;26.8
Czech Republic;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2016;26.7
Denmark;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2020;2.96
Denmark;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2019;2.89
Denmark;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2018;2.97
Denmark;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2017;2.93
Denmark;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2016;3.09
Denmark;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2020;20.8
Denmark;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2019;20.7
Denmark;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2018;20.2
Denmark;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2017;20.6
Denmark;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2016;21.9
Denmark;Total researchers (head count);2020;61,481
Denmark;Total researchers (head count);2019;61,573
Denmark;Total researchers (head count);2018;60,389
Denmark;Total researchers (head count);2017;60,085
Denmark;Total researchers (head count);2016;60,782
Denmark;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2020;..
Denmark;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2019;35.3
Denmark;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2018;..
Denmark;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2017;35.7
Denmark;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2016;..
Estonia;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2020;1.79
Estonia;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2019;1.63
Estonia;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2018;1.42
Estonia;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2017;1.28
Estonia;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2016;1.24
Estonia;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2020;10.2
Estonia;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2019;9.9
Estonia;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2018;9.5
Estonia;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2017;9.4
Estonia;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2016;9.2
Estonia;Total researchers (head count);2020;..
Estonia;Total researchers (head count);2019;7,734
Estonia;Total researchers (head count);2018;7,281
Estonia;Total researchers (head count);2017;7,344
Estonia;Total researchers (head count);2016;6,845
Estonia;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2020;..
Estonia;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2019;42.4
Estonia;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2018;43.9
Estonia;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2017;42.2
Estonia;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2016;43.6
Finland;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2020;2.91
Finland;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2019;2.80
Finland;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2018;2.76
Finland;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2017;2.73
Finland;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2016;2.72
Finland;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2020;20.4
Finland;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2019;19.3
Finland;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2018;19.0
Finland;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2017;19.1
Finland;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2016;18.7
Finland;Total researchers (head count);2020;..
Finland;Total researchers (head count);2019;58,291
Finland;Total researchers (head count);2018;55,415
Finland;Total researchers (head count);2017;54,139
Finland;Total researchers (head count);2016;53,752
Finland;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2020;..
Finland;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2019;33.7
Finland;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2018;33.7
Finland;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2017;33.2
Finland;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2016;32.5
France;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2020;2.35
France;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2019;2.19
France;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2018;2.20
France;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2017;2.20
France;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2016;2.22
France;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2020;16.7
France;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2019;16.2
France;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2018;16.1
France;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2017;15.9
France;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2016;15.7
France;Total researchers (head count);2020;..
France;Total researchers (head count);2019;..
France;Total researchers (head count);2018;429,959
France;Total researchers (head count);2017;416,217
France;Total researchers (head count);2016;396,594
France;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2020;..
France;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2019;..
France;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2018;..
France;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2017;28.3
France;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2016;28.0
Germany;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2020;3.14
Germany;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2019;3.17
Germany;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2018;3.11
Germany;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2017;3.05
Germany;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2016;2.94
Germany;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2020;16.4
Germany;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2019;16.3
Germany;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2018;15.8
Germany;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2017;15.5
Germany;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2016;15.1
Germany;Total researchers (head count);2020;..
Germany;Total researchers (head count);2019;667,394
Germany;Total researchers (head count);2018;..
Germany;Total researchers (head count);2017;623,125
Germany;Total researchers (head count);2016;..
Germany;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2020;..
Germany;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2019;28.1
Germany;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2018;..
Germany;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2017;27.9
Germany;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2016;..
Greece;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2020;1.50
Greece;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2019;1.28
Greece;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2018;1.21
Greece;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2017;1.15
Greece;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2016;1.01
Greece;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2020;12.7
Greece;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2019;11.8
Greece;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2018;11.4
Greece;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2017;10.7
Greece;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2016;9.4
Greece;Total researchers (head count);2020;..
Greece;Total researchers (head count);2019;66,451
Greece;Total researchers (head count);2018;..
Greece;Total researchers (head count);2017;61,616
Greece;Total researchers (head count);2016;..
Greece;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2020;..
Greece;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2019;39.0
Greece;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2018;..
Greece;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2017;37.8
Greece;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2016;..
Hungary;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2020;1.61
Hungary;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2019;1.48
Hungary;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2018;1.51
Hungary;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2017;1.32
Hungary;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2016;1.18
Hungary;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2020;12.8
Hungary;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2019;12.1
Hungary;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2018;11.7
Hungary;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2017;8.9
Hungary;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2016;8.0
Hungary;Total researchers (head count);2020;..
Hungary;Total researchers (head count);2019;58,091
Hungary;Total researchers (head count);2018;54,970
Hungary;Total researchers (head count);2017;42,729
Hungary;Total researchers (head count);2016;38,915
Hungary;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2020;..
Hungary;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2019;30.0
Hungary;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2018;28.0
Hungary;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2017;30.5
Hungary;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2016;30.8
Iceland;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2020;2.47
Iceland;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2019;2.32
Iceland;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2018;2.00
Iceland;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2017;2.08
Iceland;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2016;2.11
Iceland;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2020;..
Iceland;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2019;..
Iceland;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2018;..
Iceland;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2017;16.1
Iceland;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2016;..
Iceland;Total researchers (head count);2020;..
Iceland;Total researchers (head count);2019;..
Iceland;Total researchers (head count);2018;..
Iceland;Total researchers (head count);2017;3,783
Iceland;Total researchers (head count);2016;..
Iceland;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2020;..
Iceland;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2019;..
Iceland;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2018;..
Iceland;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2017;46.4
Iceland;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2016;..
Ireland;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2020;1.23
Ireland;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2019;1.23
Ireland;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2018;1.17
Ireland;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2017;1.26
Ireland;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2016;1.18
Ireland;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2020;14.7
Ireland;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2019;14.1
Ireland;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2018;14.2
Ireland;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2017;15.8
Ireland;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2016;16.5
Ireland;Total researchers (head count);2020;..
Ireland;Total researchers (head count);2019;37,003
Ireland;Total researchers (head count);2018;..
Ireland;Total researchers (head count);2017;34,721
Ireland;Total researchers (head count);2016;..
Ireland;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2020;..
Ireland;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2019;38.1
Ireland;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2018;..
Ireland;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2017;36.3
Ireland;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2016;..
Israel;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2020;5.44
Israel;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2019;5.14
Israel;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2018;4.80
Israel;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2017;4.66
Israel;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2016;4.51
Israel;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2020;..
Israel;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2019;..
Israel;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2018;..
Israel;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2017;..
Israel;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2016;..
Israel;Total researchers (head count);2020;..
Israel;Total researchers (head count);2019;..
Israel;Total researchers (head count);2018;..
Israel;Total researchers (head count);2017;..
Israel;Total researchers (head count);2016;..
Israel;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2020;..
Israel;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2019;..
Israel;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2018;..
Israel;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2017;..
Israel;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2016;..
Italy;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2020;1.53
Italy;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2019;1.46
Italy;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2018;1.42
Italy;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2017;1.37
Italy;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2016;1.37
Italy;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2020;14.0
Italy;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2019;14.0
Italy;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2018;13.6
Italy;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2017;12.6
Italy;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2016;11.7
Italy;Total researchers (head count);2020;..
Italy;Total researchers (head count);2019;222,165
Italy;Total researchers (head count);2018;210,419
Italy;Total researchers (head count);2017;195,560
Italy;Total researchers (head count);2016;185,916
Italy;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2020;..
Italy;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2019;34.2
Italy;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2018;33.8
Italy;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2017;34.3
Italy;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2016;35.2
Japan;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2020;3.27
Japan;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2019;3.21
Japan;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2018;3.22
Japan;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2017;3.17
Japan;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2016;3.11
Japan;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2020;13.3
Japan;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2019;13.0
Japan;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2018;13.1
Japan;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2017;13.2
Japan;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2016;13.0
Japan;Total researchers (head count);2020;951,726
Japan;Total researchers (head count);2019;942,180
Japan;Total researchers (head count);2018;935,658
Japan;Total researchers (head count);2017;930,720
Japan;Total researchers (head count);2016;917,725
Japan;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2020;17.5
Japan;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2019;16.9
Japan;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2018;16.6
Japan;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2017;16.2
Japan;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2016;15.7
Korea;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2020;4.81
Korea;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2019;4.63
Korea;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2018;4.52
Korea;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2017;4.29
Korea;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2016;3.99
Korea;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2020;20.3
Korea;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2019;19.4
Korea;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2018;18.7
Korea;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2017;17.6
Korea;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2016;16.9
Korea;Total researchers (head count);2020;558,045
Korea;Total researchers (head count);2019;538,136
Korea;Total researchers (head count);2018;514,170
Korea;Total researchers (head count);2017;482,796
Korea;Total researchers (head count);2016;460,769
Korea;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2020;21.4
Korea;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2019;21.0
Korea;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2018;20.4
Korea;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2017;20.1
Korea;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2016;19.7
Latvia;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2020;0.71
Latvia;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2019;0.64
Latvia;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2018;0.64
Latvia;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2017;0.51
Latvia;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2016;0.44
Latvia;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2020;7.5
Latvia;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2019;6.6
Latvia;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2018;6.4
Latvia;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2017;6.1
Latvia;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2016;5.8
Latvia;Total researchers (head count);2020;..
Latvia;Total researchers (head count);2019;7,724
Latvia;Total researchers (head count);2018;7,439
Latvia;Total researchers (head count);2017;7,504
Latvia;Total researchers (head count);2016;7,400
Latvia;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2020;..
Latvia;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2019;50.6
Latvia;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2018;50.7
Latvia;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2017;52.2
Latvia;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2016;52.2
Lithuania;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2020;1.16
Lithuania;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2019;0.99
Lithuania;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2018;0.94
Lithuania;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2017;0.90
Lithuania;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2016;0.84
Lithuania;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2020;10.5
Lithuania;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2019;9.4
Lithuania;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2018;8.7
Lithuania;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2017;8.5
Lithuania;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2016;8.0
Lithuania;Total researchers (head count);2020;..
Lithuania;Total researchers (head count);2019;18,811
Lithuania;Total researchers (head count);2018;19,198
Lithuania;Total researchers (head count);2017;18,767
Lithuania;Total researchers (head count);2016;17,746
Lithuania;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2020;..
Lithuania;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2019;49.1
Lithuania;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2018;49.0
Lithuania;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2017;49.5
Lithuania;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2016;51.6
Luxembourg;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2020;1.13
Luxembourg;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2019;1.18
Luxembourg;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2018;1.17
Luxembourg;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2017;1.24
Luxembourg;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2016;1.27
Luxembourg;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2020;12.0
Luxembourg;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2019;12.5
Luxembourg;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2018;12.2
Luxembourg;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2017;12.8
Luxembourg;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2016;12.9
Luxembourg;Total researchers (head count);2020;..
Luxembourg;Total researchers (head count);2019;3,722
Luxembourg;Total researchers (head count);2018;..
Luxembourg;Total researchers (head count);2017;3,540
Luxembourg;Total researchers (head count);2016;..
Luxembourg;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2020;..
Luxembourg;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2019;27.4
Luxembourg;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2018;..
Luxembourg;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2017;28.1
Luxembourg;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2016;..
Mexico;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2020;0.30
Mexico;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2019;0.28
Mexico;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2018;0.31
Mexico;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2017;0.33
Mexico;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2016;0.39
Mexico;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2020;1.9
Mexico;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2019;1.7
Mexico;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2018;1.6
Mexico;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2017;1.7
Mexico;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2016;1.7
Mexico;Total researchers (head count);2020;62,356
Mexico;Total researchers (head count);2019;58,013
Mexico;Total researchers (head count);2018;54,539
Mexico;Total researchers (head count);2017;54,578
Mexico;Total researchers (head count);2016;54,357
Mexico;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2020;32.3
Mexico;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2019;32.8
Mexico;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2018;33.2
Mexico;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2017;33.5
Mexico;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2016;33.7
Netherlands;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2020;2.29
Netherlands;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2019;2.18
Netherlands;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2018;2.14
Netherlands;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2017;2.18
Netherlands;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2016;2.15
Netherlands;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2020;16.9
Netherlands;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2019;16.7
Netherlands;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2018;16.7
Netherlands;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2017;16.4
Netherlands;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2016;16.2
Netherlands;Total researchers (head count);2020;..
Netherlands;Total researchers (head count);2019;136,034
Netherlands;Total researchers (head count);2018;130,153
Netherlands;Total researchers (head count);2017;124,834
Netherlands;Total researchers (head count);2016;124,568
Netherlands;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2020;..
Netherlands;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2019;27.9
Netherlands;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2018;27.0
Netherlands;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2017;26.1
Netherlands;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2016;26.1
New Zealand;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2020;..
New Zealand;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2019;1.41
New Zealand;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2018;..
New Zealand;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2017;1.35
New Zealand;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2016;..
New Zealand;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2020;..
New Zealand;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2019;14.8
New Zealand;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2018;..
New Zealand;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2017;13.4
New Zealand;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2016;..
New Zealand;Total researchers (head count);2020;..
New Zealand;Total researchers (head count);2019;44,000
New Zealand;Total researchers (head count);2018;..
New Zealand;Total researchers (head count);2017;40,000
New Zealand;Total researchers (head count);2016;..
New Zealand;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2020;..
New Zealand;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2019;..
New Zealand;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2018;..
New Zealand;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2017;..
New Zealand;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2016;..
Norway;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2020;2.28
Norway;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2019;2.16
Norway;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2018;2.05
Norway;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2017;2.10
Norway;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2016;2.04
Norway;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2020;17.5
Norway;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2019;17.2
Norway;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2018;16.7
Norway;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2017;16.8
Norway;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2016;16.2
Norway;Total researchers (head count);2020;..
Norway;Total researchers (head count);2019;61,657
Norway;Total researchers (head count);2018;59,629
Norway;Total researchers (head count);2017;57,934
Norway;Total researchers (head count);2016;54,601
Norway;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2020;..
Norway;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2019;38.6
Norway;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2018;38.8
Norway;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2017;38.1
Norway;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2016;37.6
Poland;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2020;1.39
Poland;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2019;1.32
Poland;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2018;1.21
Poland;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2017;1.03
Poland;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2016;0.96
Poland;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2020;10.6
Poland;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2019;10.0
Poland;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2018;9.9
Poland;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2017;8.8
Poland;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2016;6.9
Poland;Total researchers (head count);2020;..
Poland;Total researchers (head count);2019;194,607
Poland;Total researchers (head count);2018;192,833
Poland;Total researchers (head count);2017;187,905
Poland;Total researchers (head count);2016;132,547
Poland;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2020;..
Poland;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2019;37.6
Poland;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2018;37.9
Poland;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2017;38.1
Poland;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2016;36.4
Portugal;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2020;1.62
Portugal;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2019;1.40
Portugal;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2018;1.35
Portugal;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2017;1.32
Portugal;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2016;1.28
Portugal;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2020;13.6
Portugal;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2019;12.4
Portugal;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2018;11.8
Portugal;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2017;11.5
Portugal;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2016;10.8
Portugal;Total researchers (head count);2020;104,681
Portugal;Total researchers (head count);2019;100,823
Portugal;Total researchers (head count);2018;96,123
Portugal;Total researchers (head count);2017;89,659
Portugal;Total researchers (head count);2016;85,780
Portugal;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2020;42.5
Portugal;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2019;42.8
Portugal;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2018;43.3
Portugal;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2017;43.7
Portugal;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2016;43.5
Slovak Republic;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2020;0.91
Slovak Republic;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2019;0.83
Slovak Republic;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2018;0.84
Slovak Republic;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2017;0.89
Slovak Republic;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2016;0.79
Slovak Republic;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2020;9.3
Slovak Republic;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2019;8.7
Slovak Republic;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2018;8.4
Slovak Republic;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2017;8.0
Slovak Republic;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2016;7.7
Slovak Republic;Total researchers (head count);2020;28,696
Slovak Republic;Total researchers (head count);2019;28,851
Slovak Republic;Total researchers (head count);2018;28,755
Slovak Republic;Total researchers (head count);2017;26,861
Slovak Republic;Total researchers (head count);2016;26,720
Slovak Republic;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2020;41.1
Slovak Republic;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2019;41.0
Slovak Republic;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2018;41.2
Slovak Republic;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2017;41.9
Slovak Republic;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2016;41.4
Slovenia;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2020;2.15
Slovenia;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2019;2.05
Slovenia;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2018;1.95
Slovenia;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2017;1.87
Slovenia;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2016;2.01
Slovenia;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2020;15.2
Slovenia;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2019;16.2
Slovenia;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2018;15.4
Slovenia;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2017;14.9
Slovenia;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2016;15.0
Slovenia;Total researchers (head count);2020;..
Slovenia;Total researchers (head count);2019;15,925
Slovenia;Total researchers (head count);2018;15,388
Slovenia;Total researchers (head count);2017;14,079
Slovenia;Total researchers (head count);2016;11,282
Slovenia;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2020;..
Slovenia;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2019;33.3
Slovenia;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2018;32.5
Slovenia;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2017;32.3
Slovenia;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2016;34.5
Spain;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2020;1.41
Spain;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2019;1.25
Spain;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2018;1.24
Spain;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2017;1.21
Spain;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2016;1.19
Spain;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2020;11.9
Spain;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2019;11.4
Spain;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2018;11.4
Spain;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2017;11.1
Spain;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2016;10.9
Spain;Total researchers (head count);2020;..
Spain;Total researchers (head count);2019;241,372
Spain;Total researchers (head count);2018;234,798
Spain;Total researchers (head count);2017;225,995
Spain;Total researchers (head count);2016;218,680
Spain;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2020;..
Spain;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2019;41.3
Spain;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2018;40.8
Spain;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2017;40.5
Spain;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2016;40.2
Sweden;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2020;3.53
Sweden;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2019;3.39
Sweden;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2018;3.32
Sweden;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2017;3.36
Sweden;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2016;3.25
Sweden;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2020;18.9
Sweden;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2019;18.0
Sweden;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2018;18.0
Sweden;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2017;17.7
Sweden;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2016;18.5
Sweden;Total researchers (head count);2020;..
Sweden;Total researchers (head count);2019;111,179
Sweden;Total researchers (head count);2018;..
Sweden;Total researchers (head count);2017;107,042
Sweden;Total researchers (head count);2016;..
Sweden;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2020;..
Sweden;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2019;33.3
Sweden;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2018;..
Sweden;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2017;32.6
Sweden;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2016;..
Switzerland;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2020;..
Switzerland;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2019;3.15
Switzerland;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2018;..
Switzerland;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2017;3.03
Switzerland;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2016;..
Switzerland;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2020;..
Switzerland;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2019;16.9
Switzerland;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2018;..
Switzerland;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2017;15.8
Switzerland;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2016;..
Switzerland;Total researchers (head count);2020;..
Switzerland;Total researchers (head count);2019;77,492
Switzerland;Total researchers (head count);2018;..
Switzerland;Total researchers (head count);2017;71,657
Switzerland;Total researchers (head count);2016;..
Switzerland;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2020;..
Switzerland;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2019;35.8
Switzerland;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2018;..
Switzerland;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2017;35.2
Switzerland;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2016;..
Turkey;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2020;1.09
Turkey;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2019;1.06
Turkey;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2018;1.03
Turkey;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2017;0.95
Turkey;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2016;0.94
Turkey;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2020;7.5
Turkey;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2019;6.6
Turkey;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2018;6.0
Turkey;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2017;5.5
Turkey;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2016;5.1
Turkey;Total researchers (head count);2020;257,930
Turkey;Total researchers (head count);2019;243,773
Turkey;Total researchers (head count);2018;230,030
Turkey;Total researchers (head count);2017;210,769
Turkey;Total researchers (head count);2016;191,769
Turkey;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2020;36.7
Turkey;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2019;37.0
Turkey;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2018;36.8
Turkey;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2017;37.0
Turkey;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2016;36.7
The United Kingdom;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2020;..
The United Kingdom;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2019;1.71
The United Kingdom;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2018;1.70
The United Kingdom;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2017;1.66
The United Kingdom;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2016;1.64
The United Kingdom;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2020;..
The United Kingdom;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2019;14.5
The United Kingdom;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2018;14.3
The United Kingdom;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2017;13.8
The United Kingdom;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2016;13.1
The United Kingdom;Total researchers (head count);2020;..
The United Kingdom;Total researchers (head count);2019;548,498
The United Kingdom;Total researchers (head count);2018;535,477
The United Kingdom;Total researchers (head count);2017;520,936
The United Kingdom;Total researchers (head count);2016;510,980
The United Kingdom;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2020;..
The United Kingdom;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2019;39.0
The United Kingdom;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2018;38.6
The United Kingdom;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2017;38.7
The United Kingdom;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2016;38.7
The United States;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2020;3.45
The United States;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2019;3.18
The United States;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2018;3.01
The United States;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2017;2.91
The United States;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2016;2.85
The United States;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2020;..
The United States;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2019;..
The United States;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2018;..
The United States;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2017;..
The United States;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2016;..
The United States;Total researchers (head count);2020;..
The United States;Total researchers (head count);2019;..
The United States;Total researchers (head count);2018;..
The United States;Total researchers (head count);2017;..
The United States;Total researchers (head count);2016;..
The United States;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2020;..
The United States;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2019;..
The United States;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2018;..
The United States;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2017;..
The United States;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2016;..
Total OECD;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2020;2.68
Total OECD;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2019;2.51
Total OECD;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2018;2.44
Total OECD;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2017;2.37
Total OECD;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2016;2.33
Total OECD;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2020;..
Total OECD;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2019;..
Total OECD;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2018;..
Total OECD;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2017;..
Total OECD;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2016;..
Total OECD;Total researchers (head count);2020;..
Total OECD;Total researchers (head count);2019;..
Total OECD;Total researchers (head count);2018;..
Total OECD;Total researchers (head count);2017;..
Total OECD;Total researchers (head count);2016;..
Total OECD;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2020;..
Total OECD;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2019;..
Total OECD;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2018;..
Total OECD;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2017;..
Total OECD;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2016;..
European Union - 27 countries (since 02/01/2020);Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2020;2.20
European Union - 27 countries (since 02/01/2020);Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2019;2.11
European Union - 27 countries (since 02/01/2020);Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2018;2.07
European Union - 27 countries (since 02/01/2020);Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2017;2.03
European Union - 27 countries (since 02/01/2020);Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2016;1.99
European Union - 27 countries (since 02/01/2020);R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2020;14.4
European Union - 27 countries (since 02/01/2020);R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2019;14.0
European Union - 27 countries (since 02/01/2020);R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2018;13.7
European Union - 27 countries (since 02/01/2020);R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2017;13.2
European Union - 27 countries (since 02/01/2020);R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2016;12.7
European Union - 27 countries (since 02/01/2020);Total researchers (head count);2020;..
European Union - 27 countries (since 02/01/2020);Total researchers (head count);2019;..
European Union - 27 countries (since 02/01/2020);Total researchers (head count);2018;..
European Union - 27 countries (since 02/01/2020);Total researchers (head count);2017;..
European Union - 27 countries (since 02/01/2020);Total researchers (head count);2016;..
European Union - 27 countries (since 02/01/2020);Women as a percentage of all researchers;2020;..
European Union - 27 countries (since 02/01/2020);Women as a percentage of all researchers;2019;..
European Union - 27 countries (since 02/01/2020);Women as a percentage of all researchers;2018;..
European Union - 27 countries (since 02/01/2020);Women as a percentage of all researchers;2017;..
European Union - 27 countries (since 02/01/2020);Women as a percentage of all researchers;2016;..
Argentina;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2020;..
Argentina;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2019;0.46
Argentina;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2018;0.50
Argentina;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2017;0.56
Argentina;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2016;0.53
Argentina;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2020;..
Argentina;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2019;4.5
Argentina;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2018;4.5
Argentina;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2017;4.4
Argentina;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2016;4.5
Argentina;Total researchers (head count);2020;..
Argentina;Total researchers (head count);2019;90,747
Argentina;Total researchers (head count);2018;88,872
Argentina;Total researchers (head count);2017;84,284
Argentina;Total researchers (head count);2016;86,562
Argentina;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2020;..
Argentina;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2019;53.0
Argentina;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2018;53.3
Argentina;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2017;53.8
Argentina;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2016;53.0
China;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2020;2.40
China;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2019;2.23
China;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2018;2.14
China;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2017;2.12
China;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2016;2.10
China;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2020;7.0
China;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2019;6.4
China;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2018;5.8
China;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2017;5.3
China;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2016;5.1
China;Total researchers (head count);2020;..
China;Total researchers (head count);2019;..
China;Total researchers (head count);2018;..
China;Total researchers (head count);2017;..
China;Total researchers (head count);2016;..
China;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2020;..
China;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2019;..
China;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2018;..
China;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2017;..
China;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2016;..
Romania;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2020;0.47
Romania;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2019;0.48
Romania;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2018;0.50
Romania;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2017;0.50
Romania;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2016;0.48
Romania;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2020;3.9
Romania;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2019;3.7
Romania;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2018;3.7
Romania;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2017;3.8
Romania;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2016;3.8
Romania;Total researchers (head count);2020;..
Romania;Total researchers (head count);2019;27,168
Romania;Total researchers (head count);2018;27,471
Romania;Total researchers (head count);2017;27,367
Romania;Total researchers (head count);2016;27,801
Romania;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2020;..
Romania;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2019;46.9
Romania;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2018;46.2
Romania;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2017;46.7
Romania;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2016;45.8
Russian Federation;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2020;1.10
Russian Federation;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2019;1.04
Russian Federation;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2018;0.99
Russian Federation;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2017;1.11
Russian Federation;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2016;1.10
Russian Federation;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2020;10.6
Russian Federation;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2019;10.5
Russian Federation;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2018;10.5
Russian Federation;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2017;10.8
Russian Federation;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2016;11.1
Russian Federation;Total researchers (head count);2020;346,497
Russian Federation;Total researchers (head count);2019;348,221
Russian Federation;Total researchers (head count);2018;347,854
Russian Federation;Total researchers (head count);2017;359,793
Russian Federation;Total researchers (head count);2016;370,379
Russian Federation;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2020;38.8
Russian Federation;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2019;39.1
Russian Federation;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2018;39.2
Russian Federation;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2017;39.5
Russian Federation;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2016;40.0
Singapore;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2020;..
Singapore;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2019;1.89
Singapore;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2018;1.81
Singapore;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2017;1.90
Singapore;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2016;2.07
Singapore;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2020;..
Singapore;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2019;12.8
Singapore;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2018;12.1
Singapore;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2017;12.1
Singapore;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2016;12.3
Singapore;Total researchers (head count);2020;..
Singapore;Total researchers (head count);2019;46,125
Singapore;Total researchers (head count);2018;43,329
Singapore;Total researchers (head count);2017;42,838
Singapore;Total researchers (head count);2016;43,177
Singapore;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2020;..
Singapore;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2019;30.8
Singapore;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2018;30.8
Singapore;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2017;30.7
Singapore;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2016;30.7
South Africa;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2020;..
South Africa;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2019;..
South Africa;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2018;..
South Africa;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2017;0.83
South Africa;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2016;0.82
South Africa;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2020;..
South Africa;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2019;..
South Africa;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2018;..
South Africa;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2017;2.7
South Africa;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2016;2.7
South Africa;Total researchers (head count);2020;..
South Africa;Total researchers (head count);2019;..
South Africa;Total researchers (head count);2018;..
South Africa;Total researchers (head count);2017;61,840
South Africa;Total researchers (head count);2016;56,761
South Africa;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2020;..
South Africa;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2019;..
South Africa;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2018;..
South Africa;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2017;44.9
South Africa;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2016;45.1
Chinese Taipei;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2020;3.64
Chinese Taipei;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2019;3.49
Chinese Taipei;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2018;3.35
Chinese Taipei;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2017;3.19
Chinese Taipei;Total intramural expenditure x 100/GDP market prices;2016;3.09
Chinese Taipei;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2020;24.3
Chinese Taipei;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2019;23.6
Chinese Taipei;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2018;22.9
Chinese Taipei;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2017;22.5
Chinese Taipei;R&D Personnel (FTE) x 1000/Employees;2016;22.2
Chinese Taipei;Total researchers (head count);2020;203,970
Chinese Taipei;Total researchers (head count);2019;199,144
Chinese Taipei;Total researchers (head count);2018;193,035
Chinese Taipei;Total researchers (head count);2017;187,971
Chinese Taipei;Total researchers (head count);2016;184,898
Chinese Taipei;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2020;22.9
Chinese Taipei;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2019;22.7
Chinese Taipei;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2018;22.6
Chinese Taipei;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2017;22.6
Chinese Taipei;Women as a percentage of all researchers;2016;22.3