Living Conditions Survey (LCS) 
Risk of poverty (income year before the interview)
At-risk-of-poverty rate, by educational level attained (persons aged 16 years old and over). 
Unidades: %
	At-risk-of-poverty rate																At-risk-of-poverty rate (with imputed rent) 																
	2023	2022	2021	2020	2019	2018	2017	2016	2015	2014	2013	2012	2011	2010	2009	2008	2023	2022	2021	2020	2019	2018	2017	2016	2015	2014	2013	2012	2011	2010	2009	2008	
Total	18,7	19,1	20,4	19,7	19,4	20,6	20,4	21,1	21	20,8	19,3	19,7	19,5	19,4	19,1	18,6	15,4	16	17,3	16,8	16,9	17,9	18	18,1	17,8	18,1	17,2	17,3	16,1	15,9	15,4	15,1	
Primary education or lower	29,6	29,2	31,1	30,4	26,5	28,8	26,5	26	24,8	24,6	25,1	26	27,4	28,7	28,9	28,1	21,4	21	22,9	23	21,5	22,8	21,1	19,2	19,5	19,4	20	19,7	19,6	20,2	20,6	19,7	
First stage secondary education	25,1	24	25,8	24,3	24,9	27	27,1	29,2	29,9	29,1	25,2	24,6	22,6	22,7	21,4	20,4	21,4	20,7	23	21,6	21,8	23,6	24,9	26,5	25,6	25,8	22,9	23	20,2	19,7	18,8	18,2	
Second stage secondary education	18,5	19,6	20,4	19,5	19	20,5	19,9	20,1	20,3	19,7	18,5	18,9	16,1	16,5	14,8	14,8	16,2	18,2	18,8	18,3	18,2	19,5	18,4	18,6	18,5	18,4	18,2	18,2	15,3	15,9	13,9	14,6	
Higher education	9,1	10	10,6	9,9	10,2	9,3	9,7	10,3	9,8	10,2	8,5	8,6	9,5	7,4	7,6	7,2	7,8	8,6	9,2	8,5	8,6	8,2	9	9,3	8,7	9,3	8	8,3	8,6	7	6,5	6,5	
No data recorded	13,9	15,9	33,5	0	30,2	..	..	23,8	0	36,9	0	75,7	28,9	11,6	15,6	30,1	24,4	15,9	33,5	0	30,2	..	..	26,9	0	30,4	0	75,7	23,8	16,6	6,9	30,1	
Notas:
In the Living Conditions Survey, the inputs used for the calculation of variables such as income and at-risk-of-poverty rate always correspond to the previous year.
At-risk-of-poverty rate: At-risk-of-poverty rate (with imputed rent):
 
The definition of household income includes imputed rent. Imputed rent is applied to those households that do not pay complete rent, due to being the homeowners, or to occupying a rented dwelling at a price that is lower than the market price, or free of charge. The value imputed is equivalent to the rent that would be paid on the market for a dwelling that is similar to that occupied, less any rent actually paid. Likewise, the interest on the loans requested for purchasing the main dwelling are deducted from the total household income.
Educational level attained:
 
Primary education or lower: This includes illiterate persons

First-stage secondary education: This includes training and equivalent labour insertion

Second-stage secondary education: This includes training and equivalent labour insertion (including that which requires a second-stage secondary education qualification)

Higher education: This includes training and equivalent labour insertion


Poverty threshold: 60% of the median annual income per consumption unit (modified OECD scale), using the distribution of persons. Income per consumption unit is obtained by dividing the total household income by the number of consumption units. 
Fuente: