14/2023
Sustainable Development Goals (13/17)
13. Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts
In this number...
The “2030 Agenda Indicators for Sustainable Development” are an operation of the National Statistics Plan drawn up by the INE in partnership with the statistical services of the ministries. Its results can be viewed at: https://www.ine.es/dyngs/ODS/es/index.htm.
By means of Goal 13 countries commit to: 1) Enhance resilience and the capacity to adapt to climate-related risks and natural disasters in all countries; 2) Incorporate measures related to climate change into national policies, strategies and plans; 3) Improve education, sensitisation and human and institutional capacity with regard to the mitigation of climate change, adaptation to it, reduction of its impact and early warning; 4) Fulfil the commitment of the developed countries that are parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change to fully operationalise the Green Climate Fund and jointly mobilise 100,000 million dollars on an annual basis to meet the needs of developing countries with respect to the adoption of specific mitigation measures and the transparency of their implementation; and 5) Promote mechanisms to increase the capacity for effective planning and management related to climate change in the least developed countries and small developing island States, placing particular emphasis on women, young people and local and marginalised communities.
The global framework contains 8 indicators for the monitoring of Goal 13. 10 subindicators corresponding to 6 global indicators have been published on the national platform of SDG indicators. There is also an indicator that is not applicable to Spain. Therefore, the coverage rate of the SDG 13 indicators stands at 87.5%.
Net greenhouse gas emissions
The indicator Net greenhouse gas emissions measure the total national emissions of greenhouse gases, including carbon dioxide (CO2), methane(CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O) and the so-called F-gases (hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons, nitrogen trifluoride (NF3) sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) and others. The data on emissions are submitted on an annual basis by EU member States as part of their reports submitted under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). All economic activities and all sectors, including households, are included.
In 2021, the three countries with the highest net greenhouse gas emissions (tonnes per capita) were Luxembourg (16.01), Ireland (13.21) and Denmark (12.27). At the other end of the scale, the three countries with the lowest emissions were Malta (4.46), Sweden (4.66) and Portugal (5.67).
In the same year, Spain emitted 6.22 tonnes per capita of greenhouse gases, representing a decrease of 16.7% with respect to 2015. Meanwhile, the EU-27 average fell by 10.6% in the 2015-2021 period.
Did you know that…?
In Spain, the net carbon absorptions of the land use, land use change and forestry sector (LULUCF sector) fell from -1 tonnes per capita in 2016 to -0.9 tonnes per capita in 2021.
Number of deaths directly attributed to disasters
The source of the subindicator 13.1.1.1. Number of dead people directly attributed to disasters per 100,000 population is "Death statistic according to cause of death", drawn up by the INE. This subindicator shows deaths attributed to natural disasters such as exposure to extreme temperatures, volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, flooding and others (codes X30 to X39 of the ICD-10 classification).
In Spain there were 0.13 deaths per 100,000 population attributed to disasters during 2021. This represented a decrease of 0.04 points with respect to 2015, when there were 0.17 deaths per 100,000 population.
By sexes, the rate of men killed by disasters was 0.18, compared to the 0.08 rate for women.
By ages, the group most affected (for both men and women) was made up of people aged 95 and above. Within this group, the rate of men who died due to causes attributable to disasters was 5.86, while the rate of women stood at 1.99.
Did you know that…?
In 2021, the economic losses in Spain attributed to meteorological and climate-related phenomena totalled 2,705 million euros, compared to 177 million euros in 2015
Incorporation of global citizenship education and education for sustainable development
Indicator 13.3.1. Extent to which global citizenship education and education for sustainable development are mainstreamed in national education policies, curricula, teacher training and student assessment provides information on the extent to which countries incorporate Global Citizenship Education and Education for Sustainable Development into their education systems.
To draw up this indicator, the responsibility of the Ministry of Education and Vocational Training, the information collected in the questionnaire to monitor the implementation by UNESCO member States of the 1974 Recommendation on education for understanding, international cooperation and peace and education relating to human rights and fundamental freedoms is used.
In Spain in 2020, the degree of incorporation of global citizenship education and education for sustainable development stood at 1 (the highest value) for national education policies and student assessment, while for teacher training and curricula it stood at 0.95 and 0.91.
Level of adoption of national disater risk reduction strategies in line with the Sendai Framework
Indicator 13.1.2.1. Level of adoption and implementation of national disaster risk reduction strategies in line with the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030 is calculated as the arithmetic average of the degree of implementation of each of the 10 basic elements that identify a disaster risk reduction strategy. This indicator corresponds to a scale between 0 and 1, on which 0 means that there are no such strategies and 1 means that they exist with 100% implementation. The assessment is carried out in accordance with the questionnaire for indicator E-1 of the Sendai Framework.
During the 2015-2021 period, the extent of adoption and implementation of national disaster risk reduction strategies in line with the Sendai Framework grew progressively, rising from 0.25 in 2015 to 0.57 (out of 1) in 2021.
Measuring progress on Goal 13
Progress in Spain on the SDG 13 subindicators is presented, distinguishing between short-term progress (latest year available compared to the previous year) and medium-term progress (since 2015, i.e. the baseline year). In both cases the compound annual growth rate has been used.
For indicators with positive normative direction (increases are desirable) we have: growth rates greater than or equal to 0.5% are considered progress (), rates in the range [0% - 0.5%) slight progress (
), rates in the range [-0.5% - 0) slight decline (
) and for rates less than -0.5%, a decline (
). For indicators that do not evolve,
is used.
For indicators with a negative normative direction, the categories are reversed.
Of the nine subindicators shown in the table, five have progressed favourably in the medium term and the evolution of the other four cannot be assessed, as only data for one year are available; however, two of the latter (13.3.1.1. and 13.3.1.4.) display the maximum achievable value (value 1 in 2020).
In addition, there is a dichotomous subindicator, “13.2.1.1. Spain contributes at a national level to long-term strategies and national adaptation plans and strategies and strategies indicated in communications on adaptation and national communications” with a Yes value, as a result of which it can be regarded as favourable progress in the medium term.
| Subindicator | Unit | Last year | Last year’s value | Medium-term progress | Short term progress | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 13.1.1.1. Number of deaths directly attributed to disasters per 100,000 population | Per 100,000 | 2021 | 0.13 | -4.4% | 8.3% | ||
| 13.1.2.1. Level of adoption and implementation of national disaster risk reduction strategies in line with the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030 | Range [0.1] | 2021 | 0.57 | 14.7% | 18.8% | ||
| 13.1.3.1. Proportion of local governments that adopt and implement local disaster risk reduction strategies in line with national disaster risk reduction strategies | Percentage | 2022 | 68.00 | 15.9% | 61.9% | ||
| 13.2.2.1. Greenhouse gas emissions per capita | Tonnes CO2 equivalent/inhabitant | 2021 | 6.23 | -3.0% | 5.8% | ||
| 13.2.2.2. Greenhouse gas emissions per GDP | Kg CO2 equivalent/Euros | 2020 | 0.26 | -3.4% | 0.0% | ||
| 13.3.1.1. Extent to which (i) global citizenship education and (ii) education for sustainable development are mainstreamed in (a) national education policies, (b) curricula, (c) teacher education and (d) student assessment | Range [0.1] | 2020 | 1.00 | n.d. | n.d. | ||
| 13.3.1.2. Extent to which (i) global citizenship education and (ii) education for sustainable development are mainstreamed in curricula | Range [0.1] | 2020 | 0.91 | n.d. | n.d. | ||
| 13.3.1.3. Extent to which (i) global citizenship education and (ii) education for sustainable development are mainstreamed in teacher education | Range [0.1] | 2020 | 0.95 | n.d. | n.d. | ||
| 13.3.1.4. Extent to which (i) global citizenship education and (ii) education for sustainable development are mainstreamed in student assessment | Range [0.1] | 2020 | 1.00 | n.d. | n.d. |
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