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Harmonised Business Demography. Year 2023 12 November 2025

3,503,285 enterprises were economically active in Spain in 2023. 319,085 were created whereas 273,451 disappeared, which meant a net rate of 1.3%. 41.9% of the enterprises born in 2018 survived after five years of observation.

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Stock, births and deaths of enterprises by economic sector - Year 2023
Indicator Note Stock of enterprises Births rate (%) Deaths rate (%)
Total sectors 3,503,285 9.1 7.8
Industry 187,759 5.1 5.5
Construction 422,244 9.3 7.7
Trade 700,417 7.6 8.4
Rest of services 2,192,865 9.9 7.9
Latest data
Year 2023 Published: 12/11/2025
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The Harmonised Business Demography aims at providing aggregate information regarding the population of enterprises established in the national territory, considering aspects linked to business dynamism, and applying a methodology agreed on within the scope of the European Union. This methodology enables the development of indicators related to the stock, births, deaths and survivals of enterprises, through a harmonised statistical exploitation of the Statistical Business Registers managed in the National Statistical Offices.