19 December 2025

Annual National Accounts of Spain: Input-Output Tables

Statistical Revision 2024. Year 2022

Main results

Coke and oil refining products were the products most dependent on the foreign markets through imports of their intermediate consumption in 2022.
Household consumption accounted for 19.0% of total imports, while 8.5% were purchases of fixed assets of gross capital formation.
The Input-Output tables present a comprehensive description of the economy’s production process and the interdependence between different industries. They also make it possible to investigate the dependence of the Spanish productive fabric on overseas supplies.

More information

On 19 September, the INE published the Origin and Destination Table (ODT) for 2022 together with the estimates of the main aggregates of the Annual National Accounts of Spain. Today, the Input-Output framework is completed with the 2022 Input-Output Table (IOT).

While the ODT reflects actual economic transactions, the IOT is the result of the reworking of the supply and use sub-system, integrating the most significant data from the ODT into a single table.

The IOT has been disaggregated by the source of the flows, differentiating between those produced domestically and those which are imported, which makes it essential information for the use of the matrix in economic analysis models.

A key output of this analysis is the multipliers. If there is an increase in the end demand for a certain product, it can be assumed there is an increase in the output of the corresponding industry (direct effect). As this industry increases its output, there is also an increase in the output of its suppliers, and so on down the supply chain (indirect effects).

As a result of direct and indirect effects, household income increases due to higher employment. A proportion of this increase in income will be consumed by households (induced effect).

The IOT allows us to quantify these multiplier effects that facilitate impact analyses on the Spanish economy:

Output multiplier of an industry: increase in the total output of the economy (direct and indirect effects) for a unit change in the end demand for the products of that industry.
Employment multiplier of an industry: increase in the level of employment in the economy (direct and indirect effects) for a unit change in the end demand for the products of that industry.
GVA multiplier of an industry: increase in the gross value added of the economy (direct and indirect effects) for a unit change in the end demand for the products of that industry.

Production structure of the Spanish economy

The analysis of total supply by product, and its breakdown between domestic production and imports, also provides for certain conclusions to be drawn about the production structure of the Spanish economy.

For example, we can see to what extent the production of the different products is dependent on foreign markets through the imports of their intermediate inputs, and can therefore be more affected by tariff changes. In 2022, the most dependent products in this respect were:

Manufactured products: Mostly due to coke and oil refining products (87.6% of their intermediate consumption came from imports), metallurgical products (49.5%), chemicals (45.3%) and the automotive industry (37.0%).
Electricity and gas: 39.1% of their intermediate consumption came from imports.
Health care services: 26.8% of their intermediate consumption came from imports.

Household consumption accounted for 19.0% of total imports in 2022 and 8.5% were purchases of fixed assets of gross capital formation. On the other hand, 61.8% were used as intermediate consumption in the production process, as described above. The remaining imports were used for general government consumption or were re-exported.

The products that required the most imports in the case of household consumption were motor vehicles, with 15.3% of the total. In the case of investment, the most imported assets were machinery and heavy equipment, with 28.5% of the total.

Data revisions and updates: upcoming publications

The IOTs for the years 2016 to 2020, consistent with the aggregates of the Statistical Review 2024, are also published today. This provides users with a homogeneous seven-year series on the same accounting basis for this analysis tool.

In December 2026, alongside the publication of the final IOTs for 2023, the provisional IOTs for 2024 will be released, based on the provisional ODTs for that year.

Methodological note

The Annual National Accounts of Spain: Input-Output Tables (IOT) is a synthesis statistic that provides the main aggregates for the national economy (GDP, National Income and Employment) resulting from the System of National Accounts, in accordance with the conceptual and regulatory framework established by the European System of National and Regional Accounts (ESA 2010), approved by Regulation (EU) 549/2013. According to this Regulation, there is a five-yearly transmission of these tables, from 2010 onwards. From 2021 onwards, the INE will publish these tables on an annual basis.

Annual National Accounts of Spain: Input-Output Tables are derived from the ODTs. It presents an exhaustive description of the production process at product level for homogeneous branches of activity. By means of different procedures, it succeeds in integrating the relevant data from these branches into a single table. On the other hand, as opposed to the fundamentally statistical nature of the ODTs, the greatest interest of IOT lies in its analytical applicability, because some of the main coefficients and Input-Output models of economic analysis can be obtained directly from it.

It provides measures of output, intermediate consumption, Gross Value Added (GVA), employee remuneration, gross operating surplus and mixed income, and other net taxes on production, broken down by homogeneous industry, product taxes and subsidies, final consumption expenditure, gross capital formation, exports and imports. All variables are presented by product except the aggregates of employment, income, production and GVA.

The basic assumptions normally applied are:

Product technology: this assumption implies that all products in a product group have the same input structure, regardless of the industry producing them. It assumes that each product requires for its production a certain combination of productive factors, labour and capital, which are independent of the specific branch of activity that produces it.
Industry or activity branch technology: this assumption implies that all products of these activity branches are produced using the same input structure. It assumes that each activity branch has a certain production process, characterised by its inputs and a certain cost structure, which is common to all its outputs.

Type of operation:: structural.
Geographical scope:: national economic territory.
Reference period for the results:: the year.
Collection method:: summary statistics.

More information on the methodology and the standardised methodological report.

INE statistics are produced in accordance with the Code of Good Practice for European Statistics. More information on Quality at INE and Code of Best Practices.

For further information see

Official INE account on @es_ine

All press releases at:: www.ine.es/en/prensa/prensa_en.htm
Press office:: (+34) 91 583 93 63 / 94 08 – gprensa@ine.es
Information area:: (+34) 91 583 91 00 – www.ine.es/infoine/?L=1