Total foreign value added embodied in total Spanish exports, relative to total Spanish exports. (Backward participation)

Example: The foreign value added embodied in Spain’s total exports represented 27.44% of Spain’s total exports in 2023. In the specialised literature, this is referred to as the backward participation of the Spanish economy.

\(\frac{\text{sum indicador 10}}{\text{sum}(e^{ES})} = \frac{\sum_{\substack{z \neq s}} v^{\text{t}} C^{(ES)t, z} A^{z,ES} L^{ES} e^{ES}}{\sum \left( e^{\text{ES}} \right)} \times 100\)

Where: \( \sum_{\substack{z \neq t}} v^{t} C^{(ES) t, z} A^{z, ES} L^{ES} e^{ES} \) represents the total foreign value added embodied in Spain’s total exports, and \( e^{\text{ES}} \) denotes Spain’s total exports.