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Foreclosure Statistics

• 1Contact
  • 1.1Contact organisation
    National Statistics Institute of Spain
    
  • 1.5Contact mail address

    Avenida de Manoteras 50-52 - 28050 Madrid

    
    
• 2Metadata update
  • 2.1Metadata last certified
    18/02/2025
  • 2.2Metadata last posted
    06/03/2025
  • 2.3Metadata last update
    18/02/2025
• 3Statistical presentation
  • 3.1Data description

    The main objective of Foreclosure Statistics is to offer each quarter the number of foreclosure certifications that begun and were registered in Land Registries, regarding the total of rustic and urban properties.

    It is worth noting that all foreclosures that begin, do not end with the eviction of its owners.

    Eviction is a procedure specific to eviction proceedings, and it consists in physically removing the occupants out of a property. If the property is abandoned voluntarily, eviction will not be necessary.

  • 3.2Classification system
    • Comunidades y Ciudades Autónomas
      01   Andalucía
      02   Aragón
      03   Asturias, Principado de
      04   Balears, Illes
      05   Canarias
      06   Cantabria
      07   Castilla y León
      08   Castilla - La Mancha
      09   Cataluña
      10   Comunitat Valenciana
      11   Extremadura
      12   Galicia
      13   Madrid, Comunidad de
      14   Murcia, Región de
      15   Navarra, Comunidad Foral de
      16   País Vasco
      17   Rioja, La
      18   Ceuta
      19   Melilla
    • Estado de la vivienda
      1   Vivienda nueva
      2   Vivienda usada
        .
    • Naturaleza de la finca
      1   Fincas urbanas
           1.1   Viviendas
           1.2   Solares
           1_O   Otras fincas urbanas
      2   Fincas rústicas
        .
    • Provincias
      02   Albacete
      03   Alicante/Alacant
      04   Almería
      01   Araba/Álava
      33   Asturias
      05   Ávila
      06   Badajoz
      07   Balears, Illes
      08   Barcelona
      48   Bizkaia
      09   Burgos
      10   Cáceres
      11   Cádiz
      39   Cantabria
      12   Castellón/Castelló
      13   Ciudad Real
      14   Córdoba
      15   Coruña, A
      16   Cuenca
      20   Gipuzkoa
      17   Girona
      18   Granada
      19   Guadalajara
      21   Huelva
      22   Huesca
      23   Jaén
      24   León
      25   Lleida
      27   Lugo
      28   Madrid
      29   Málaga
      30   Murcia
      31   Navarra
      32   Ourense
      34   Palencia
      35   Palmas, Las
      36   Pontevedra
      26   Rioja, La
      37   Salamanca
      38   Santa Cruz de Tenerife
      40   Segovia
      41   Sevilla
      42   Soria
      43   Tarragona
      44   Teruel
      45   Toledo
      46   Valencia/València
      47   Valladolid
      49   Zamora
      50   Zaragoza
      51   Ceuta
      52   Melilla
    • Tipo de titular
      1   Persona física
      2   Persona jurídica
        .
  • 3.3Sector coverage

    The target population of study is the group of Land Registries.

  • 3.4Statistical concepts and definitions
    • Date of recording at the lad register
      The date on which the transfer operation is recorded in the Land Register.
      The registration date is considered for all purposes to be the presentation
      date which should be recorded on the same registration. The recording is
      made at the Land Register in whose district the properties subject to transfer
      of rights are situated.
      The date of recording does not have to coincide with the date of
      formalisation of the Transfer.
    • Dwelling regime
      Dwelling regime is the dwelling protection regime, that is,
      free price dwellings or those with some official protection regime.
      - Free price dwelling.- If the dwelling is not subject to any type of
      protection.
      - Dwelling subject to some type of protection regime.- Dwelling may be
      subject to some type of official protection: OHP, OHP type or Other OHP.
    • Dwellings
      A venue that is designed to be inhabited and intended to be used by one or
      several persons. This sections differentiates between a flat with annexes, a
      flat without annexes, a terraced house/a semi-detached house and a
      detached house.Flat with annexes.- An annex is denominated any element that cannot be
      separated from the dwelling because it serves for its use, in other words,
      this paragraph includes those dwellings which, apart from the flat, also
      have a garage or/and a storage room, not intended for residence and
      usable for other uses. This is considered in the horizontal division law and
      is recorded in the public deed for the dwelling.
      - Flat without annexes.- Dwellings that do not have any rooms depending
      on them. This also includes flats whose annexes have their own
      independent deeds.
      - Terraced or semi-detached house.- A terraced house is a single dwelling
      within a building, linked to other buildings by two of its external walls.
      This may be with one or various floors, with or without annexes, be within
      a plot of land which is the same size or larger than the building.
      This heading also includes semi-detached houses, which are single
      dwellings within a building, linked to other buildings by one of their
      external walls. These may be one or various floors, with or without
      annexes, be within a plot of land which is the same size or larger than the
      building.
      - Detached house.- This is a single dwelling within a building, whose
      external walls are not linked to any other building. This may be with one
      or various floors, with or without annexes, be within a plot of land which is
      the same size or larger than the building.
    • Foreclosures
      A foreclosure is an executive procedure through which the sale of a real estate property is ordered, which was previously covered by a mortgage, due to failure of the debtor to comply with the obligations guaranteed with the mortgage.
      This is a regulated procedure, through which a goal is to make the value of the real estate property effected to pay unpaid debt in a clear way, usually via public auction.
    • Free-market dwelling
      This is a dwelling that is not subject to any type of construction.
    • Individual
      A physical person is defined as any human individual who is
      subject to rights and obligations.
    • Land registry
      The Land Registry is a public Register whose purpose is the recording of property, its ownership as well as any changes or restrictions experienced.
    • Legal entity
      Corporation, association or foundation of public interest
      and recognised by the law. Does not have physical individual existence.
      Also governed is association of particular interest whether this is civil or
      mercantile, to which the law grants a personality independent from its
      associates.
    • Lots
      This refers to urban soil without buildings, without considering their urbanistic qualification.
    • Mortgage
      This is a contract by means of which a credit is gained with the guarantee of a (movable or immovable) property, whose value meets the risk of non-payment.
      The objective of the Mortgage Statistics includes mortgages constituted for real estate (rustic, urban and others) and registered in the property registers.
    • Mortgage holder
      The mortgage holder is the individual or legal entity who has the obligation to return the borrowed money and interest. Normally coincides with the purchaser of the property. The holders of the mortgaged asset may be, among other persons, individuals or legal entities.
    • Nature of the dwelling
      For those dwellings whose owner is an individual, the following are differentiated:
      - Main dwelling that is owned.- When the dwelling is the regular residence of the owner; it is the owner's residence and dwell effectively and permanently.
      - Non-main dwelling that is owned.- When the owner of the dwelling does not have her/his regular residence therein.
    • Nature of the property
      This is the description of the property, differentiating between rustic and urban.
    • New housing
      Dwelling subject to the first transfer in the merchanting deed, normally carried out by the developer or builder in favour of the first purchaser.
    • Newly-built dwelling
      When it is a new construction, has less than one year old from the end of the work.
    • Province ( Article 141.1 of the Spanish Constitution)
      The province is a local institution with its own legal status, determined by grouping municipalities and dividing territories in order to fulfil State activities. Any alteration in the provincial limits is to be approved by the General Courts by means of constitutional law.
    • Reference month
      The date of recording in the Land Register is taken as the reference month,
      since this is the moment of registering the transfer operation.
    • Rustic nature
      A property is termed as rustic when it is part of the countryside or a rural area.
    • Social housing
      This is a dwelling that is subject to some type of official protection or subsidy. This only refers to whether or not it is subject to a regime, without distinguishing the type of regime.
    • Urban farm excluding dwellings and lots
      Commercial premises.- This section includes those premises whose main
      activity is commercial.
      - Garages.- Public or private car parks are included. They also include those
      private garages within a building designed for dwellings or other
      purposes, but with independent deeds.
      - Office.- Those premises intended for providing public services, but not for
      commercial use.
      - Lumber room.- This includes premises with independent deeds and
      unspecified use under the premises headings, both those included in the
      building of the owner's dwelling, and those that are in another building.Industrial building.- Each area of space that extends between walls to
      form a factory, storage space or other industrial type construction. This
      includes industrial warehouses located in both urban and rustic areas.
      - Building destined for dwellings.- Buildings whose purpose is mainly to be
      used as dwellings. This is independently of whether they have garages,
      lumber rooms or commercial premises.
      - Other buildings not previously determined.- This classification includes
      any construction other than the previous buildings for dwellings. They
      may be used, for example, for schools, hospitals, residences, cinemas,
      hotels, etc.
      - Urban use.- Total building capacity of the industrial area, sector or unit
      concerned, once the square metres for construction destined to obligatory
      building are calculated; urban uses will be included, when they constitute
      independent property.
      - Other urban use.- This includes those urban nature buildings that are not
      classified under the previous headings.
    • Urban nature
      Buildings are considered to be of an urban nature when they are located within a city or within the land that is conditioned in order to create or develop an urban area.
    • Used housing
      When it is not a new construction, has more than a year old from the end of the work.
  • 3.5Statistical unit

    The statistical unit is each foreclosure certification begun and registered in the corresponding land registry.

  • 3.6Statistical population

    The statistical population is the total of foreclosure certifications begun and registered in the land registries of the entire national territory.

  • 3.7Reference area

    The geographical scope of these statistics encompasses the entire national territory.

  • 3.8Time coverage

    These statistics have a quarterly frequency.

  • 3.9Base period

    These statistics started to be published in June 2014, with reference to the data of the first quarter of 2014.

• 4Unit of measure
  • 4.1Unit of measure

    Number and evolution of the certifications of foreclosures begun and recorded in the property registers, relating to all rustic and urban properties.

• 5Reference period
  • 5.1Reference period

    The reference period is the calendar quarter.

    Data referred to the period: Trimestral A: 2025 TRI: I

• 6Institutional mandate
  • 6.1Legal acts and other agreements

    The compilation and dissemination of the data are governed by the Statistical Law No. 12/1989 "Public Statistical Function" of May 9, 1989, and Law No. 4/1990 of June 29 on “National Budget of State for the year 1990" amended by Law No. 13/1996 "Fiscal, administrative and social measures" of December 30, 1996, makes compulsory all statistics included in the National Statistics Plan. The National Statistical Plan 2009-2012 was approved by the Royal Decree 1663/2008. It contains the statistics that must be developed in the four year period by the State General Administration's services or any other entity dependent on it. All statistics included in the National Statistics Plan are statistics for state purposes and are obligatory. The National Statistics Plan 2025-2028, approved by Royal Decree 1225/2024, of  3 December, is the Plan currently implemented. This statistical operation has governmental purposes, and it is included in the National Statistics Plan 2025-2028. (Statistics of the State Administration).

    
    

    The Property, Mercantile and Real Estate Registrar Association of Spain, through its Information Systems Service, supplies the information to the INE in a centralised fashion, via computer media, by virtue of a partnership that already exists in other statistics of the same scope.

  • 6.2Data sharing
    The exchanges of information needed to elaborate statistics between the INE and the rest of the State statistical offices (Ministerial Departments, independent bodies and administrative bodies depending on the State General Administration), or between these offices and the Autonomic statistical offices, are regulated in the LFEP (Law of the Public Statistic Function). This law also regulates the mechanisms of statistical coordination, and concludes cooperation agreements between the different offices when necessary.
    

    The data from the statistics is sent at land registry level, corresponding to the Autonomous Communities requesting it.

• 7Confidentiality
  • 7.1Confidentiality - policy

    The Statistical Law No. 12/1989 specifies that the INE cannot publish, or make otherwise available, individual data or statistics that would enable the identification of data for any individual person or entity. Regulation (EC) No 223/2009 on European statistics stipulates the need to establish common principles and guidelines ensuring the confidentiality of data used for the production of European statistics and the access to those confidential data with due account for technical developments and the requirements of users in a democratic society

    
    
  • 7.2Confidentiality - data treatment
    INE provides information on the protection of confidentiality at all stages of the statistical process: INE questionnaires for the operations in the national statistical plan include a legal clause protecting data under statistical confidentiality. Notices prior to data collection announcing a statistical operation notify respondents that data are subject to statistical confidentiality at all stages. For data processing, INE employees have available the INE data protection handbook, which specifies the steps that should be taken at each stage of processing to ensure reporting units' individual data are protected. The microdata files provided to users are anonymised.
    

    For the requests made on these statistics, the data that has a small volume is anonymised.

• 8Release policy
  • 8.1Release calendar

    The advance release calendar that shows the precise release dates for the coming year is disseminated in the last quarter of each year.

    
    
  • 8.2Release calendar access

    The calendar is disseminated on the INEs Internet website (Publications Calendar)

    
    
  • 8.3User access

    The data are released simultaneously according to the advance release calendar to all interested parties by issuing the press release. At the same time, the data are posted on the INE's Internet website (www.ine.es/en) almost immediately after the press release is issued. Also some predefined tailor-made requests are sent to registered users. Some users could receive partial information under embargo as it is publicly described in the European Statistics Code of Practice

    
    
• 9Frequency of dissemination
  • 9.1Frequency of dissemination

    The statistics are disseminated quarterly.

• 10Accessibility and clarity
  • 10.1News release

    The results of the statistical operations are normally disseminated by using press releases that can be accessed via both the corresponding menu and the Press Releases Section in the web

    
    
  • 10.2Publications

    Specific publications are not carried out. The results of the statistics are disseminated through the INE website, and some results are included in general publications such as the Statistical Yearbook, INE Figures, etc.

    
    

  • 10.3On-line database

    INEbase is the system the INE uses to store statistical information on the Internet. It contains all the information the INE produces in electronic formats. The primary organisation of the information follows the theme-based classification of the Inventory of Statistical Operations of the State General Administration . The basic unit of INEbase is the statistical operation, defined as the set of activities that lead to obtaining statistical results on a determined sector or subject based on the individually collected data. Also included in the scope of this definition are synthesis preparation.

    
    

    Access to the Foreclosure Statistics online database, which contains information on tables and time series, is as follows:
    https://www.ine.es/dyngs/INEbase/en/operacion.htm?c=Estadistica_C&cid=1254736176993&menu=ultiDatos&idp=1254735576606

    
    The number of queries to the data tables in 202 was AC1= 70,969 accesses and the number of acceses to metadata was AC2= 1,180.

     

  • 10.4Micro-data access
    A lot of statistical operations disseminate public domain anonymized files, available free of charge for downloading in the INE website Microdata Section
    

    Users may not access the microdata.

  • 10.5Other

    There is the option of requesting customised information from the INE Customer Service Area. Limitations to confidentiality or precision are borne in mind at the time of processing said requests.
    See:

    https://www.ine.es/ss/Satellite?L=1&c=Page&cid=1254735550786&p=1254735550786&pagename=ProductosYServicios%2FPYSLayout&rendermode=previewnoinsitem

  • 10.6Documentation on methodology

    The technical project of the statistical operation is available in:
    https://www.ine.es/en/proyectos/proyecto_ejecuciones_hipotecarias_en.pdf

    The completion rate for the metadata is AC3=100%.

  • 10.7Quality documentation

    Fields 10.6 to 17 of this document are the user-oriented quality report for this operation.

• 11Quality management
  • 11.1Quality assurance

    Quality assurance framework for the INE statistics is based on the ESSCoP, the European Statistics Code of Practice made by EUROSTAT. The ESSCoP is made up of 16 principles, gathered in three areas: Institutional Environment, Processes and Products. Each principle is associated with some indicators which make possible to measure it. In order to evaluate quality, EUROSTAT provides different tools: the indicators mentioned above, Self-assessment based on the DESAP model, peer review, user satisfaction surveys and other proceedings for evaluation.

    
    

    The data is received monthly from the Mercantile and Real Estate Registrar Association of Spain (CORPME) and undergo a filtering process.
    Once the information is filtered, a stage begins regarding the imputation and estimation of the possible lack of response from the land registries.
    In order to obtain national data regarding foreclosures on owned regular dwellings, the information provided by CORPME is crossed with common regime territory data of the General Directorate for Cadastre and the Municipal Registry database which is coordinated by the INE, in accordance with the legislation in force.

  • 11.2Quality assessment

    Foreclosure Statistics is a high-quality operation that meets all criteria of coherence, comparability, precision and timeliness.

    It consists in a statistical operation based on registry information that is compiled based on the processing and crossing of administrative data, which significantly reduces its cost regarding other operations in which field work is necessary.

• 12Relevance
  • 12.1User needs

    Statistics users include:
    - Ministries and other public bodies.
    - Territorial administrations (Autonomous Communities, councils...), for dissemination of their territorial data.
    - Companies and non-profit institutions.
    - Media professionals for the compilation of journalistic articles.
    Each one of these users has different needs, according to the purpose and use they will make of the information they require.

    The specific needs of users, which are not covered with the information provided by these statistics, are taken into account whenever customised requests are carried out, and to the extent possible are incorporated in the statistics when the methodology is updated.

  • 12.2User satisfaction

    The INE has carried out general user satisfaction surveys in 2007, 2010, 2013,  2016 and 2019 and it plans to continue doing so every three years. The purpose of these surveys is to find out what users think about the quality of the information of the INE statistics and the extent to which their needs of information are covered. In addition, additional surveys are carried out in order to acknowledge better other fields such as dissemination of the information, quality of some publications...

    On the INE website, in its section Methods and Projects / Quality and Code of Practice / INE quality management / User surveys are available surveys conducted to date.(Click  next link)

     

    
    

    The INE has carried out general user satisfaction surveys in 2007, 2010, 2013,  2016 and 2019 and it plans to continue doing so every three years. The purpose of these surveys is to find out what users think about the quality of the information of the INE statistics and the extent to which their needs of information are covered. In addition, additional surveys are carried out in order to acknowledge better other fields such as dissemination of the information, quality of some publications...
    On the INE website, in its section Methods and Projects / Quality and Code of Practice / INE quality management / User surveys are available surveys conducted to date.(Click  next link)

     

  • 12.3Completeness

    There is no regulation that establishes the variables that shall be provided by these statistics; nevertheless, it is always intended to provide the users with all the information they need, as detailed in 13.2

    The statistics meet all the information requirements of the National Statistical Plan in the short-term information section for financial statistics.

    R1=100%

• 13Accuracy and reliability
  • 13.1Overall accuracy

    The procedure for collection, coverage control, error filtering and imputation of non-response enables obtaining a high degree of reliability in the statistics.

  • 13.2Sampling error

    The data of these statistics are obtained exhaustively from the Land Registries, with no sampling, therefore there are no sampling errors.

  • 13.3Non-sampling error

    To correct for non-sampling errors, such as non-response, estimates are carried out by stratum. The information is stratified by stratum and province, assigning the value of the stratum to that unit which, on the closing date of the provisional data, has not sent its information.

    Specific information is also available regarding the non-response rate, which is less than 10%.

    A4=4.91%

• 14Timeliness and punctuality
  • 14.1Timeliness

    The data regarding the statistics is published approximately 90 days after the reference quarter of the information.

    TP1=90 days

    TP2=12 months

  • 14.2Punctuality

    The dissemination of the data is carried out in accordance with the short-term statistics availability calendar that the INE compiles and publishes for each year.

    Since the beginning of its publication, the FS has been disclosed on the date announced in said publication calendar, therefore, TP3=100%.

• 15Coherence and Comparability
  • 15.1Comparability - geographical

    These statistics, in all of their phases, are processed in the same way for the entire territory. In this way, the results are perfectly comparable for any geographical breakdown.

  • 15.2Comparability - over time

    Continuity in the methodology applied since the implementation of the statistics allows its comparability in time, therefore all the variables published on a quarterly basis are comparable. The serie has a length of 45 periods.

    CC2=45

  • 15.3Coherence - cross domain

    The statistics follow the same trend as the Real Estate Statistics compiled by the Registrar Association, in its Mortgage Default section.

  • 15.4Coherence - internal

    The data have complete internal coherence, as they are based on the same set of microdata, and are calculated using the same estimation methods. The arithmetic and accounting identities in the production of data sets are observed.

• 16Cost and burden
  • 16.1Cost and burden

    It is convenient to highlight that these statistics do not involve a burden on the respondent, as the information is collected from an administrative register.

    The estimation of the budgetary credit necessary to finance  the Foreclosure Statistics in the Annual Program 2025 comes to a total of 19.84 thousand euros.

• 17Data revision
  • 17.1Data revision - policy

    The INE of Spain has a policy which regulates the basic aspects of statistical data revision, seeking to ensure process transparency and product quality. This policy is laid out in the document approved by the INE board of directors on 13 March of 2015, which is available on the INE website, in the section "Methods and projects/Quality and Code of Practice/INE’s Quality management/INE’s Revision policy" (link).

    This general policy sets the criteria that the different type of revisions should follow:  routine revision- it is the case of statistics whose production process includes regular revisions-; more extensive revision- when methodological or basic reference source changes take place-; and exceptional revision- for instance, when an error appears in a published statistic-.

    
    

    For some statistics, in which users particularly value having data as soon as possible, the initial estimates are published with the expectation that they might be revised and updated when new data is available. This is characteristic of short-term statistics, such as the monthly or quarterly statistics.

  • 17.2Data revision - practice

    Provisional statistical data are disseminated on a quarterly basis, and when revised, final data are published.

    A6-MAR=161.71

    A6-RMAR=1.72%

    MAR and RMAR calculated with the total foreclosure variable, based on the provisional/final data of the last 6 years (quarters from 2018Q1 to 2023Q4).

• 18Statistical processing
  • 18.1Source data

    All of the information regarding begun foreclosures is obtained from the information contained in the Land Registries throughout the national territory.

  • 18.2Frequency of data collection

    The data is collected monthly.

  • 18.3Data collection

    The Registrar Association sends the data in an encrypted file via e-mail, to the Subdirectorate General for Information and Communication Technologies.

  • 18.4Data validation

    The data file sent by the Mercantile and Real Estate Registrar Association of Spain (CORPME) undergoes filtering and validation programmes to correct possible errors. In the first filtering phase the errors are revised so as to rectify or leave them as correct. In case of doubt, the CORPME is queried about those abnormal records. Next, a second filtering or checking phase is performed of all the work done in the first phase. Prior to tabulation for the quarterly publication, a series of variable checking and evolution reports are compiled.

  • 18.5Data compilation

    In the first filtering phase, errors and inconsistencies in the variables for each record are detected and filtered, and content errors are also filtered and imputed. In the second filtering phase, all the work carried out in the first phase is strengthened.

  • 18.6Adjustment

    No adjustments are made.

• 19Comment
  • 19.1Comment