Foreclosure Statistics

• 1. Contact

  • 1.1. Contact organisation

    • National Statistics Institute of Spain

  • 1.5. Contact mail address

    • Avenida de Manoteras 50-52 - 28050 Madrid

• 2. Metadata update

  • 2.1. Metadata last certified

    • 03/03/2026

  • 2.2. Metadata last posted

    • 06/03/2025

  • 2.3. Metadata last update

    • 03/03/2026

• 3. Statistical presentation

  • 3.1. Data description

    • The main objective of Foreclosure Statistics is to offer each quarter the number of foreclosure certifications that begun and were registered in Land Registries, regarding the total of rustic and urban properties.

      It is worth noting that all foreclosures that begin, do not end with the eviction of its owners.

      Eviction is a procedure specific to eviction proceedings, and it consists in physically removing the occupants out of a property. If the property is abandoned voluntarily, eviction will not be necessary.

  • 3.2. Classification system
    • • Comunidades y Ciudades Autónomas

        • 01   Andalucía 02   Aragón 03   Asturias, Principado de 04   Balears, Illes 05   Canarias 06   Cantabria 07   Castilla y León 08   Castilla - La Mancha 09   Cataluña 10   Comunitat Valenciana 11   Extremadura 12   Galicia 13   Madrid, Comunidad de 14   Murcia, Región de 15   Navarra, Comunidad Foral de 16   País Vasco 17   Rioja, La 18   Ceuta 19   Melilla

      • Estado de la vivienda

        • 1   Vivienda nueva 2   Vivienda usada   .

      • Naturaleza de la finca

        • 1   Fincas urbanas      1.1   Viviendas      1.2   Solares      1_O   Otras fincas urbanas 2   Fincas rústicas   .

      • Provincias

        • 02   Albacete 03   Alicante/Alacant 04   Almería 01   Araba/Álava 33   Asturias 05   Ávila 06   Badajoz 07   Balears, Illes 08   Barcelona 48   Bizkaia 09   Burgos 10   Cáceres 11   Cádiz 39   Cantabria 12   Castellón/Castelló 13   Ciudad Real 14   Córdoba 15   Coruña, A 16   Cuenca 20   Gipuzkoa 17   Girona 18   Granada 19   Guadalajara 21   Huelva 22   Huesca 23   Jaén 24   León 25   Lleida 27   Lugo 28   Madrid 29   Málaga 30   Murcia 31   Navarra 32   Ourense 34   Palencia 35   Palmas, Las 36   Pontevedra 26   Rioja, La 37   Salamanca 38   Santa Cruz de Tenerife 40   Segovia 41   Sevilla 42   Soria 43   Tarragona 44   Teruel 45   Toledo 46   Valencia/València 47   Valladolid 49   Zamora 50   Zaragoza 51   Ceuta 52   Melilla

      • Tipo de titular

        • 1   Persona física 2   Persona jurídica   .

  • 3.3. Sector coverage

    • The target population of study is the group of Land Registries.

  • 3.4. Statistical concepts and definitions
    • • Date of recording at the lad register

        • The date on which the transfer operation is recorded in the Land Register. The registration date is considered for all purposes to be the presentation date which should be recorded on the same registration. The recording is made at the Land Register in whose district the properties subject to transfer of rights are situated. The date of recording does not have to coincide with the date of formalisation of the Transfer.

      • Dwelling regime

        • Dwelling regime is the dwelling protection regime, that is, free price dwellings or those with some official protection regime. - Free price dwelling.- If the dwelling is not subject to any type of protection. - Dwelling subject to some type of protection regime.- Dwelling may be subject to some type of official protection: OHP, OHP type or Other OHP.

      • Dwellings

        • A venue that is designed to be inhabited and intended to be used by one or several persons. This sections differentiates between a flat with annexes, a flat without annexes, a terraced house/a semi-detached house and a detached house.Flat with annexes.- An annex is denominated any element that cannot be separated from the dwelling because it serves for its use, in other words, this paragraph includes those dwellings which, apart from the flat, also have a garage or/and a storage room, not intended for residence and usable for other uses. This is considered in the horizontal division law and is recorded in the public deed for the dwelling. - Flat without annexes.- Dwellings that do not have any rooms depending on them. This also includes flats whose annexes have their own independent deeds. - Terraced or semi-detached house.- A terraced house is a single dwelling within a building, linked to other buildings by two of its external walls. This may be with one or various floors, with or without annexes, be within a plot of land which is the same size or larger than the building. This heading also includes semi-detached houses, which are single dwellings within a building, linked to other buildings by one of their external walls. These may be one or various floors, with or without annexes, be within a plot of land which is the same size or larger than the building. - Detached house.- This is a single dwelling within a building, whose external walls are not linked to any other building. This may be with one or various floors, with or without annexes, be within a plot of land which is the same size or larger than the building.

      • Foreclosures

        • A foreclosure is an executive procedure through which the sale of a real estate property is ordered, which was previously covered by a mortgage, due to failure of the debtor to comply with the obligations guaranteed with the mortgage. This is a regulated procedure, through which a goal is to make the value of the real estate property effected to pay unpaid debt in a clear way, usually via public auction.

      • Free-market dwelling

        • This is a dwelling that is not subject to any type of construction.

      • Individual

        • A physical person is defined as any human individual who is subject to rights and obligations.

      • Land registry

        • The Land Registry is a public Register whose purpose is the recording of property, its ownership as well as any changes or restrictions experienced.

      • Legal entity

        • Corporation, association or foundation of public interest and recognised by the law. Does not have physical individual existence. Also governed is association of particular interest whether this is civil or mercantile, to which the law grants a personality independent from its associates.

      • Lots

        • This refers to urban soil without buildings, without considering their urbanistic qualification.

      • Mortgage

        • This is a contract by means of which a credit is gained with the guarantee of a (movable or immovable) property, whose value meets the risk of non-payment. The objective of the Mortgage Statistics includes mortgages constituted for real estate (rustic, urban and others) and registered in the property registers.

      • Mortgage holder

        • The mortgage holder is the individual or legal entity who has the obligation to return the borrowed money and interest. Normally coincides with the purchaser of the property. The holders of the mortgaged asset may be, among other persons, individuals or legal entities.

      • Nature of the dwelling

        • For those dwellings whose owner is an individual, the following are differentiated: - Main dwelling that is owned.- When the dwelling is the regular residence of the owner; it is the owner's residence and dwell effectively and permanently. - Non-main dwelling that is owned.- When the owner of the dwelling does not have her/his regular residence therein.

      • Nature of the property

        • This is the description of the property, differentiating between rustic and urban.

      • New housing

        • Dwelling subject to the first transfer in the merchanting deed, normally carried out by the developer or builder in favour of the first purchaser.

      • Newly-built dwelling

        • When it is a new construction, has less than one year old from the end of the work.

      • Province ( Article 141.1 of the Spanish Constitution)

        • The province is a local institution with its own legal status, determined by grouping municipalities and dividing territories in order to fulfil State activities. Any alteration in the provincial limits is to be approved by the General Courts by means of constitutional law.

      • Reference month

        • The date of recording in the Land Register is taken as the reference month, since this is the moment of registering the transfer operation.

      • Rustic nature

        • A property is termed as rustic when it is part of the countryside or a rural area.

      • Social housing

        • This is a dwelling that is subject to some type of official protection or subsidy. This only refers to whether or not it is subject to a regime, without distinguishing the type of regime.

      • Urban farm excluding dwellings and lots

        • Commercial premises.- This section includes those premises whose main activity is commercial. - Garages.- Public or private car parks are included. They also include those private garages within a building designed for dwellings or other purposes, but with independent deeds. - Office.- Those premises intended for providing public services, but not for commercial use. - Lumber room.- This includes premises with independent deeds and unspecified use under the premises headings, both those included in the building of the owner's dwelling, and those that are in another building.Industrial building.- Each area of space that extends between walls to form a factory, storage space or other industrial type construction. This includes industrial warehouses located in both urban and rustic areas. - Building destined for dwellings.- Buildings whose purpose is mainly to be used as dwellings. This is independently of whether they have garages, lumber rooms or commercial premises. - Other buildings not previously determined.- This classification includes any construction other than the previous buildings for dwellings. They may be used, for example, for schools, hospitals, residences, cinemas, hotels, etc. - Urban use.- Total building capacity of the industrial area, sector or unit concerned, once the square metres for construction destined to obligatory building are calculated; urban uses will be included, when they constitute independent property. - Other urban use.- This includes those urban nature buildings that are not classified under the previous headings.

      • Urban nature

        • Buildings are considered to be of an urban nature when they are located within a city or within the land that is conditioned in order to create or develop an urban area.

      • Used housing

        • When it is not a new construction, has more than a year old from the end of the work.

  • 3.5. Statistical unit

    • The statistical unit is each foreclosure certification begun and registered in the corresponding land registry.

  • 3.6. Statistical population

    • The statistical population is the total of foreclosure certifications begun and registered in the land registries of the entire national territory.

  • 3.7. Reference area

    • The geographical scope of these statistics encompasses the entire national territory.

  • 3.8. Time coverage

    • These statistics have a quarterly frequency.

  • 3.9. Base period

    • These statistics started to be published in June 2014, with reference to the data of the first quarter of 2014.

• 4. Unit of measure

  • 4.1. Unit of measure

    • Number and evolution of the certifications of foreclosures begun and recorded in the property registers, relating to all rustic and urban properties.

• 5. Reference period

  • 5.1. Reference period

    • The reference period is the calendar quarter.

      Data referred to the period: Trimestral A: 2026 TRI: I

• 6. Institutional mandate

  • 6.1. Legal acts and other agreements

    • The compilation and dissemination of the data are governed by the Statistical Law No. 12/1989 "Public Statistical Function" of May 9, 1989, and Law No. 4/1990 of June 29 on “National Budget of State for the year 1990" amended by Law No. 13/1996 "Fiscal, administrative and social measures" of December 30, 1996, makes compulsory all statistics included in the National Statistics Plan. The National Statistical Plan 2009-2012 was approved by the Royal Decree 1663/2008. It contains the statistics that must be developed in the four year period by the State General Administration's services or any other entity dependent on it. All statistics included in the National Statistics Plan are statistics for state purposes and are obligatory. The National Statistics Plan 2025-2028, approved by Royal Decree 1225/2024, of  3 December, is the Plan currently implemented. This statistical operation has governmental purposes, and it is included in the National Statistics Plan 2025-2028. (Statistics of the State Administration).

      The Property, Mercantile and Real Estate Registrar Association of Spain, through its Information Systems Service, supplies the information to the INE in a centralised fashion, via computer media, by virtue of a partnership that already exists in other statistics of the same scope.

  • 6.2. Data sharing

    • The exchanges of information needed to elaborate statistics between the INE and the rest of the State statistical offices (Ministerial Departments, independent bodies and administrative bodies depending on the State General Administration), or between these offices and the Autonomic statistical offices, are regulated in the LFEP (Law of the Public Statistic Function). This law also regulates the mechanisms of statistical coordination, and concludes cooperation agreements between the different offices when necessary.

      The data from the statistics is sent at land registry level, corresponding to the Autonomous Communities requesting it.

• 7. Confidentiality

  • 7.1. Confidentiality - policy

    • The Statistical Law No. 12/1989 specifies that the INE cannot publish, or make otherwise available, individual data or statistics that would enable the identification of data for any individual person or entity. Regulation (EC) No 223/2009 on European statistics stipulates the need to establish common principles and guidelines ensuring the confidentiality of data used for the production of European statistics and the access to those confidential data with due account for technical developments and the requirements of users in a democratic society

  • 7.2. Confidentiality - data treatment

    • INE provides information on the protection of confidentiality at all stages of the statistical process: INE questionnaires for the operations in the national statistical plan include a legal clause protecting data under statistical confidentiality. Notices prior to data collection announcing a statistical operation notify respondents that data are subject to statistical confidentiality at all stages. For data processing, INE employees have available the INE data protection handbook, which specifies the steps that should be taken at each stage of processing to ensure reporting units' individual data are protected. The microdata files provided to users are anonymised.

      For the requests made on these statistics, the data that has a small volume is anonymised.

• 8. Release policy

  • 8.1. Release calendar

    • The advance release calendar that shows the precise release dates for the coming year is disseminated in the last quarter of each year.

  • 8.2. Release calendar access

    • The calendar is disseminated on the INEs Internet website (Publications Calendar)

  • 8.3. User access

    • The data are released simultaneously according to the advance release calendar to all interested parties by issuing the press release. At the same time, the data are posted on the INE's Internet website (www.ine.es/en) almost immediately after the press release is issued. Also some predefined tailor-made requests are sent to registered users. Some users could receive partial information under embargo as it is publicly described in the European Statistics Code of Practice

• 9. Frequency of dissemination

  • 9.1. Frequency of dissemination

    • The statistics are disseminated quarterly.

• 10. Accessibility and clarity

  • 10.1. News release

    • The results of the statistical operations are normally disseminated by using press releases that can be accessed via both the corresponding menu and the Press Releases Section in the web

  • 10.2. Publications

    • Specific publications are not carried out. The results of the statistics are disseminated through the INE website, and some results are included in general publications such as the Statistical Yearbook, INE Figures, etc.

  • 10.3. On-line database

    • INEbase is the system the INE uses to store statistical information on the Internet. It contains all the information the INE produces in electronic formats. The primary organisation of the information follows the theme-based classification of the Inventory of Statistical Operations of the State General Administration . The basic unit of INEbase is the statistical operation, defined as the set of activities that lead to obtaining statistical results on a determined sector or subject based on the individually collected data. Also included in the scope of this definition are synthesis preparation.

      Access to the Foreclosure Statistics online database, which contains information on tables and time series, is as follows: https://www.ine.es/dyngs/INEbase/en/operacion.htm?c=Estadistica_C&cid=1254736176993&menu=ultiDatos&idp=1254735576606

      The number of queries to the data tables in 2025 was AC1= 80,560 accesses and the number of acceses to metadata was AC2= 1,783.

       

  • 10.4. Micro-data access
    • A lot of statistical operations disseminate public domain anonymized files, available free of charge for downloading in the INE website Microdata Section

      Users may not access the microdata.

  • 10.5. Other

    • There is the option of requesting customised information from the INE Customer Service Area. Limitations to confidentiality or precision are borne in mind at the time of processing said requests. See:

      https://www.ine.es/ss/Satellite?L=1&c=Page&cid=1254735550786&p=1254735550786&pagename=ProductosYServicios%2FPYSLayout&rendermode=previewnoinsitem

  • 10.6. Documentation on methodology

    • The technical project of the statistical operation is available in: https://www.ine.es/en/proyectos/proyecto_ejecuciones_hipotecarias_en.pdf

      The completion rate for the metadata is AC3=100%.

  • 10.7. Quality documentation

    • Fields 10.6 to 17 of this document are the user-oriented quality report for this operation.

• 11. Quality management

  • 11.1. Quality assurance

    • Quality assurance framework for the INE statistics is based on the ESSCoP, the European Statistics Code of Practice made by EUROSTAT. The ESSCoP is made up of 16 principles, gathered in three areas: Institutional Environment, Processes and Products. Each principle is associated with some indicators which make possible to measure it. In order to evaluate quality, EUROSTAT provides different tools: the indicators mentioned above, Self-assessment based on the DESAP model, peer review, user satisfaction surveys and other proceedings for evaluation.

      The data is received monthly from the Mercantile and Real Estate Registrar Association of Spain (CORPME) and undergo a filtering process.Once the information is filtered, a stage begins regarding the imputation and estimation of the possible lack of response from the land registries.In order to obtain national data regarding foreclosures on owned regular dwellings, the information provided by CORPME is crossed with common regime territory data of the General Directorate for Cadastre and the Municipal Registry database which is coordinated by the INE, in accordance with the legislation in force.

  • 11.2. Quality assessment

    • Foreclosure Statistics is a high-quality operation that meets all criteria of coherence, comparability, precision and timeliness.

      It consists in a statistical operation based on registry information that is compiled based on the processing and crossing of administrative data, which significantly reduces its cost regarding other operations in which field work is necessary.

• 12. Relevance

  • 12.1. User needs

    • Statistics users include: - Ministries and other public bodies. - Territorial administrations (Autonomous Communities, councils...), for dissemination of their territorial data. - Companies and non-profit institutions. - Media professionals for the compilation of journalistic articles. Each one of these users has different needs, according to the purpose and use they will make of the information they require.

      The specific needs of users, which are not covered with the information provided by these statistics, are taken into account whenever customised requests are carried out, and to the extent possible are incorporated in the statistics when the methodology is updated.

  • 12.2. User satisfaction

    • The INE has carried out general user satisfaction surveys in 2007, 2010, 2013,  2016 and 2019 and it plans to continue doing so every three years. The purpose of these surveys is to find out what users think about the quality of the information of the INE statistics and the extent to which their needs of information are covered. In addition, additional surveys are carried out in order to acknowledge better other fields such as dissemination of the information, quality of some publications...

      On the INE website, in its section Methods and Projects / Quality and Code of Practice / INE quality management / User surveys are available surveys conducted to date.(Click  next link)

       

      The INE has carried out general user satisfaction surveys in 2007, 2010, 2013,  2016 and 2019 and it plans to continue doing so every three years. The purpose of these surveys is to find out what users think about the quality of the information of the INE statistics and the extent to which their needs of information are covered. In addition, additional surveys are carried out in order to acknowledge better other fields such as dissemination of the information, quality of some publications... On the INE website, in its section Methods and Projects / Quality and Code of Practice / INE quality management / User surveys are available surveys conducted to date.(Click  next link)

       

  • 12.3. Completeness

    • There is no regulation that establishes the variables that shall be provided by these statistics; nevertheless, it is always intended to provide the users with all the information they need, as detailed in 13.2

      The statistics meet all the information requirements of the National Statistical Plan in the short-term information section for financial statistics.

      R1=100%

• 13. Accuracy and reliability

  • 13.1. Overall accuracy

    • The procedure for collection, coverage control, error filtering and imputation of non-response enables obtaining a high degree of reliability in the statistics.

  • 13.2. Sampling error

    • The data of these statistics are obtained exhaustively from the Land Registries, with no sampling, therefore there are no sampling errors.

  • 13.3. Non-sampling error

    • To correct for non-sampling errors, such as non-response, estimates are carried out by stratum. The information is stratified by stratum and province, assigning the value of the stratum to that unit which, on the closing date of the provisional data, has not sent its information.

      Specific information is also available regarding the non-response rate, which is less than 10%.

      A4=5.85%

• 14. Timeliness and punctuality

  • 14.1. Timeliness

    • The data regarding the statistics is published approximately 90 days after the reference quarter of the information.

      TP1=90 days

      TP2=12 months

  • 14.2. Punctuality

    • The dissemination of the data is carried out in accordance with the short-term statistics availability calendar that the INE compiles and publishes for each year.

      Since the beginning of its publication, the FS has been disclosed on the date announced in said publication calendar, therefore, TP3=100%.

• 15. Coherence and Comparability

  • 15.1. Comparability - geographical

    • These statistics, in all of their phases, are processed in the same way for the entire territory. In this way, the results are perfectly comparable for any geographical breakdown.

  • 15.2. Comparability - over time

    • Continuity in the methodology applied since the implementation of the statistics allows its comparability in time, therefore all the variables published on a quarterly basis are comparable. The serie has a length of 49 periods.

      CC2=49

  • 15.3. Coherence - cross domain

    • The statistics follow the same trend as the Real Estate Statistics compiled by the Registrar Association, in its Mortgage Default section.

  • 15.4. Coherence - internal

    • The data have complete internal coherence, as they are based on the same set of microdata, and are calculated using the same estimation methods. The arithmetic and accounting identities in the production of data sets are observed.

• 16. Cost and burden

  • 16.1. Cost and burden

    • It is convenient to highlight that these statistics do not involve a burden on the respondent, as the information is collected from an administrative register.

      The estimation of the budgetary credit necessary to finance  the Foreclosure Statistics in the Annual Program 2026 comes to a total of 20.16 thousand euros.

• 17. Data revision

  • 17.1. Data revision - policy

    • The INE of Spain has a policy which regulates the basic aspects of statistical data revision, seeking to ensure process transparency and product quality. This policy is laid out in the document approved by the INE board of directors on 13 March of 2015, which is available on the INE website, in the section "Methods and projects/Quality and Code of Practice/INE’s Quality management/INE’s Revision policy" (link).

      This general policy sets the criteria that the different type of revisions should follow:  routine revision- it is the case of statistics whose production process includes regular revisions-; more extensive revision- when methodological or basic reference source changes take place-; and exceptional revision- for instance, when an error appears in a published statistic-.

      For some statistics, in which users particularly value having data as soon as possible, the initial estimates are published with the expectation that they might be revised and updated when new data is available. This is characteristic of short-term statistics, such as the monthly or quarterly statistics.

  • 17.2. Data revision - practice

    • Provisional statistical data are disseminated on a quarterly basis, and when revised, final data are published.

      A6-MAR=126.17

      A6-RMAR=1.59%

      MAR and RMAR calculated with the total foreclosure variable, based on the provisional/final data of the last 6 years (quarters from 2019Q1 to 2024Q4).

• 18. Statistical processing

  • 18.1. Source data

    • All of the information regarding begun foreclosures is obtained from the information contained in the Land Registries throughout the national territory.

  • 18.2. Frequency of data collection

    • The data is collected monthly.

  • 18.3. Data collection

    • The Registrar Association sends the data in an encrypted file via e-mail, to the Subdirectorate General for Information and Communication Technologies.

  • 18.4. Data validation

    • The data file sent by the Mercantile and Real Estate Registrar Association of Spain (CORPME) undergoes filtering and validation programmes to correct possible errors. In the first filtering phase the errors are revised so as to rectify or leave them as correct. In case of doubt, the CORPME is queried about those abnormal records. Next, a second filtering or checking phase is performed of all the work done in the first phase. Prior to tabulation for the quarterly publication, a series of variable checking and evolution reports are compiled.

  • 18.5. Data compilation

    • In the first filtering phase, errors and inconsistencies in the variables for each record are detected and filtered, and content errors are also filtered and imputed. In the second filtering phase, all the work carried out in the first phase is strengthened.

  • 18.6. Adjustment

    • No adjustments are made.

• 19. Comment

  • 19.1. Comment